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Social - Coggle Diagram
Social
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Conformity
Asch
Lab experiment with 6 confederates and 1 real pps. Asked to match a stimulus line to a choice of 3 alternatives. All confederates said the answer and 75% conformed at least once
Jennes
asked individuals to guess how many jelly beans were in a jar. group then gave an estimate. then interviewed pps individually and asked if they wanted to change their answer, almost all did
Allen
found that the presence of a visually impaired dissenter led to reduce conformity- even though their ability to judge the lines was impaired. showing that if someone else does not conform, it is important.
Perrin and Spencer
replicated Achs study using British students, only 1 conformed in 396- students felt more confident. Shows if theory isn't consistent over time- felt more confident than in 1950s
Smith & Bond
carried out a review of conformity studies in different cultures. Showed that different cultures had different conformity rates. Higher conformity levels in collectivist culture, lower in individualistic
Lucas et al
gave students easy and difficult maths problems. more conformity over difficult problems, particularly when maths ability is poor. Shows people conform when answer is unknown (support for ISI)
Obediance
Bickman
87% obeyed for guard, 57% for Milkman, 33% for civilian
Hoflings et al
22 nurses asked to give lethal dose to patients from confederate claiming to be doctor over the phone. 21/22 obeyed
Milgram
Pps were given teacher and the confederate was given learner (told it was random), said if the learner got it wrong to provide an electric shock, and increase it every time. The observer continues to tell them to continue. Estimated that 3% would go to 450V, 65% did.
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repeated in australia=16%, germany 85%
Adorno
Measured 2000 middle class, white americans unconscious attitudes towards racial groups. High score= strong people and content of the weak, positive correlation with authoritarian and prejudice
Sheridan & King
Replicated Milgram with students giving electric shocks to puppies in response to experimenter. Despite real distress to animal, 54% of men gave shocks and 100% of women did. Shows accuracy of Milgram
Social change
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Nolan et al
hung messages in front of peoples doors about energy change. significant decrease in energy use in the control group which only had references to energy use not peoples behaviour- social conformity through NSI
COUNTER: Mackie
Doesn't think that majority influence causes individuals to think more deeply because majority influences creates deeper processing since we believe others think the same as we do. So when majority change views- we change ours too
Nemeth
claims social change is due to the type of thinking that minorities inspire, engage in deeper thinking, because it isn't narrow it leads to better decisions and creative solutions. Shows that minorities are valuable as they stimulate new ideas and open people minds.
Minority influence
Moscovi
Pps tested in group of 6, 4 real and 2 confederates. Each pps had to judge the colour if 36 slides (all meant to be blue). 2 conditions: 1) all confederates said slides were green. 2) 2/3 green and 1/3 blue people. Consistent condition 8% of pps adopted the minority position all time, 32% said green to 1 slide. Inconsistent- minority only said green 1% of time. conform to minority views especially when consistent.
Nempth
Replicated Moscovis study but pps could answer 'green blue'. 3 confederates: 1)all green, 2) either green or blue, 3) brighter=green blue, darker=green. First two conditions had no effect, condition 3 biggest effect as it was consistent and flexible. To be successful minorities need to adapt and be flexible in order to encourage the majority to listen so not to come across as rigid
Wood et al
conducted meta-anlysis of almost 100 similar studies to moscovi and found consistent minories to the be the most influential
Martin et al
gave pps a message supporting a particular view point and measured attitudes, then heard minority or majority view, then a conflicting view. Measured attitudes to again. Found people were less willing to change their view if it was minority group they listened to.
Social roles
ZImbardo
25 males volunteered, given psychological and physical tests to ensure mentally stable. Randomly allocated prisoner or guard. Prisoners arrested, charged, stripped and given no. not name.After 6 days was shut down meant to go for 2 weeks. Pps took roles to an extreme, guards became aggressive and prisoners passive and stressed
Banuazizi & Movahedi
Pps were not conforming but acting- demand characteristics. They took a large sample and asked to guess purpose of the study and found it right away