Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Noisy Breathing, Histologically, inside the lung, Subdivides, Function,…

- - - - parainfluenza
    - - corynebacterium diphtheria
  - - - upper respiratory infection
    - - barking cough and stridor
    - - recovery
- - - - chest wall recoils inward
        
        intrapleural pressure moves back toward perspiration value
        
        transpulmonary pressure moves back toward perspiration value
        
        Lungs recoil
        
        alveolar pressure increase
        
        air flows out the alveoli
  - - - intrapleural pressure becomes more subatmospheric
        
        transpulmonary pressure increase
        
        lungs expand
        
        alveolar pressure subatmospheric
        
        air flows into the alveoli
  - - - Transport of respiratory gases in the blood
      - External respiration
      - Internal or cellular respiration
      - Pulmonary ventilation
- - - - Examples
        
        Asthma
        
        Bronchitis
        
        Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    - - Examples
        
        Irritants such as air pollution, dust or smoke
        
        Laryngitis
        
        Medicines such as ACE inhibitors
- - - - Supraglottoplasty or Tracheotomy
    - - an airway emergency in children & we should be manage with co-operation with Anesthetics & Otolaryngology
    - - Conservative: oxygen + hydration
      - Nebulization with Racemic epinephrine
      - Steriods: Dexamethasone PO/IM
        & Nebulized Budesonide
      - Antipyretics to reduce fever
  - - - Observation, Voice therapy, Re-innervation, Injection a filler material, Tracheotomy + NGT feeds
    - - Endoscopic laser excision
- - - - cytokine release
        
        TH2 development
        
        releases cytokines:
        
        IL-13
        
        Goblet cell hyperplasia
        
        IL-3 + IL-4
        
        Class-switching of B-cells to IgE secreting plasma cells
        
        IL-4 + IL-5
        
        mast cell & basophil activation
        
        binding of IgE to FcER1
        
        GM-CSF + IL-5
        
        Eosinophil stimulation & recruitment
        
        TH1 inhibition
  - - - allergen binds to primed mast cells & basophils --> degranulation
        
        release of histamine, serotonin, proteoglycans, proteases
        
        bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, mucus secretion, inflammation and edema
        
        phospholipid bilayer degraded through lipo-oxygenase pathway
        
        release of leukotrienes
    - - eosinophil activation & release of:
        
        Major basic protein
        
        apoptosis & epithelial damage
        
        Eosinophil cationic protein
        
        Lysosomal tissue damage
        
        TGF-beta
- - - - cold weather
      - excersise
      - infections
      - exposure to chemicals/smoke
      - drugs
- - - - AKA windpipe
        
        Tube smooth muscle , connective tissue , C-shape cartilage that provide support
        
        contains 3 layers
        
        Submucosa
        
        Adventitia
        
        Mucosa
    - - Right lung
        
        3 Lobes
      - Left lung
        
        2 Lobes
      - Main bronchus
        
        lobar bronchi
        
        segmental bronchi
        
        Terminal bronioles
        
        Respiratory bronchioles
        
        Alveolar sac
        
        1 more item...
  - - - oropharynx
        
        Connects oral cavity to pharynx
      - Nasopharynx
        
        Connects nasal cavity to pharynx
      - laryngolpharynx
        
        connects both pharynx and larynx
    - - humidifies , warms , filter inspired air
        
        Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
    - - hollow tube lets inspired air pass from pharynx to trachea
        
        Vocal cords
        
        Superior : Hyoid bone
        
        Inferior : Trachea
        
        nine cartilages
- - - - Beta2-adrenergic agonists
        
        SABA
        
        Albuterol
        
        Levalbuterol
        
        LABA
        
        Formoterol
        
        Salmeterol
      - Muscarinic antagonists
        
        SAMA
        
        Ipratropium
        
        LAMA
        
        Tiotripium
        
        Umecilidium
        
        Acilidium
      - Leukotrine antagonists
        
        Montelukast and Zafirlukast
        
        Zileuton
      - Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
        
        Theophylline
    - - Corticosteroids
        
        Flunisolide
        
        Fluticason propriante
        
        Beclomethasone dipropriante BDP
      - Cromoglycate
      - Anti-IgE antibodies (Omalizumab)