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Chidubem Adinna p.5 Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Chidubem Adinna
p.5
Immune System
Major Functions
Lymphatic: returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood
Immune: Provides resistance to disease with 3 different defense systems
Lymphatic Organs
Red Bone Marrow: Produces T and B cells and matures B cells; located in flat bones and epiphyseal end of long bones
Thymus: Matures T cells; located in between both lungs in the upper chest
Lymph Nodes: Cleanses the lymph and activates lymphocytes; located all around the body
Spleen: cleanses aged blood cells and platelets within blood and serves as site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveilance and response; located in the left side of abdominal cavity
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue: protects against invading pathogens; located in respiratory and digestive tract and genitourinary organs
Tonsils: gather and removes pathogen in food and air; located in oral cavity, base of tongue, and nasopharynx wall
Appendix: destroys bacteria before they reach intestinal wall and creates memory lymphocytes; located in first part of large intestine
Peyer's Patch: similar function to appendix; located in distal part of small intestine
Lines of Defense
1st: Provides a physical and chemical barrier against microorganisms; ex. acid in skin, mucin in digestive respiratory tract, and enzymes in stomach
2nd: Cells that indiscriminately attack microorganisms that invade deeper tissue; ex. inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes
3rd: cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses to destroy specific antigens; ex. B and T cells memorizing and attacking antigens with certain patterns, and antibodies immobilize and mark antigens
Innate and Adaptive Defenses
Innate defense: Alerts adaptive system of foreign invaders by releasing proteins and stops pathogen attacks using inflammation, physical and chemical barriers, and other cells(responds immediately)
Adaptive defense: Attacks specific foreign substances; in return for the accuracy and specialization of the attack, the adaptive defense takes longer to react than the innate
Humoral and Cellular Responses
Humoral response (Antibody-mediated): occurs when B cells encounter a targeted antigen; B cell binds to antigen and creates clones of the B cell that secrete antibodies
Cellular(cell-mediated): T cells that provide defense against intracellular antigens by directly killing harmful cells or releasing chemicals that regulate immune response
Antigens and Antibodies
Antigen: a substance that can mobilize adaptive defense and create an immune response; acts as a target for antibodies and cells
Antibodies: protein secretions of plasma cell; disable and mark antigens; block specific sites on viruses or viral exotoxins; crosslinks antigen-antibody complex to lattice; crosslinks molecules to complexes for phagocytes to engulf; prepares antigen for destruction by innate defense
Artificial vs Naturally Acquired Immunity
Artificial: created in response to a vaccine of dead/attenuated pathogens(active); injection of serums like gamma globulin, immediately protectss but ends when the antibodies degrade(passive)
Natural: created in response to the actual bacteria/virus infection(active); antibodies delivered to the fetus through the placenta or to the infant through milk (passive)
Passive vs Active Immunity
Passive: immune response that occurs when ready-made antibodies get introduced to the body
Active: an immune response activated when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
Immune System Disorders
Chickenpox: contagious disease causing rashes, ulcers, and red spots caused by varicella zoster virus, skin contact with infected and respiratory droplets from infected; treated with antihistamine, antinflammatory drugs and self healing
Cholera: diarrheal illness caused by infected water and foods; symptoms include rapid heart rate, diarrhea, and dry mucus membranes; treated by zinc treatments, dukeral, and rehydration
Pertussis: contagious cough caused by bordetella pertussis virus; symptoms include heart failure, collapsed lung, and vomiting; treated with vaccines, antibiotics and decreased food intake
Tuberculosis: disease caused by airborne germs and respiratory droplets; symptoms include chest pain, phlegm, bloody/chronic cough; treatments are ethambutol, rifampin, and rifapentin
Malaria: lethal disease caused by parasites spread through mosquitoes and blood transfusion; symptoms are pallor and fever; treated by antiparasitics and antimalarial drugs
Rubella: contagious disease caused by virus infected fluids; symptoms include malaise and rashes; treatments are vaccines and pain relievers
Haemophilus influenzae type B: disease that invades fluids in body spread through respiratory droplets; symptoms are stomach pain and labored breathing; treated with vaccines and breathing support
Pinworm infection: parasite within large intestine from inhaling/ingesting pinworm eggs; symptoms are abdominal pain and weight loss; treated with medication and good hygeine
Meningitis: inflammation of protective membranes caused by compromised immune systems and bacteria; causes lethargy and stiff neck; treated with steroidal medication and increased fluid intake
Hepatitis B: liver infection caused by STIs and needles; causes tiredness and nausea; treated with antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and vaccines
Tetanus: bacterial infection caused by bacteria from dirt entering bloodstream, and infected skin/umbilical cords; causes jaw cramps, muscle stiffness, and trouble swallowing; treated with vaccines, antibiotics, and drugs that prevent muscle spasm
Toxoplasmosis: disease from microparasite caused by bad hygiene and congenital transmission; causes rashes, muscle aches, and fever; treated by fulnic acids and antibiotics
Hands, feet, and mouth disease: variety of viruses affecting multiple body parts; caused by coxakievirus A, and enterovirus; causes blisters and mouth ulcers; treated with hydration, good hygiene, and over the counter medication
Measles: contagious airborne disease; caused by vitamin A deficiency; causes malaise and muscle pain; treated with vitamin A intake and immune serum globulin
Smallpox: serious infectious disease caused by terrorist weapons and person to person contact; causes progressive rashes and scabbing; treated by vaccines and tecovirmat
Polio: disabling virus caused by infected feces and poor hygiene; causes fatigue, paralysis, and muscle weakness; treated by polio vaccines, rest, and pain relievers
Immune System Cells
B Cells: Humoral immune cells that secrete antibodies that mark antigens for destruction
Cytotoxic T cell(CD8+): cellular immune cell that are able to destroy cells with foreign antigens
Helper T cell(CD4+): cellular immune cells that activates B cells, macrophages, and other T cells
Regulatory T cell: cellular immune cell that prevents auto immune reactions
Memory T cell: T cells that remember certain antigens
Phagocytes: wbcs that eat foreign invaders; Neutrophils(most abundant phagocytes that die fighting); Macrophages(developed monocytes that serve as chief phagocytic cells)
Natural Killer cells: non phagocytic granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymphs; induces apoptosis on cancer and infected cells; secretes chemicals that increases inflammatory response
Dendritic Cells: main antigen presenting cells; activates immune response and helps engulf invaders
Monocytes: cells that differentiate into dendritic cells or macrophages
Mast cells: trigger immune response when antigens are detected