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PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, Plant Cells - Coggle Diagram

- - - - provides mechanical strength and rigidity to plant cells.
      - individual cellulose chains forming a linear polymer that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between adjacent chains.
      - These chains then assemble into larger bundles called microfibrils, which form the backbone of the cell wall.
      - It provides strength and rigidity to the cell wall, allowing the plant to maintain its shape and resist external pressures.
      - egulating cell growth and expansion, as the orientation of the microfibrils determines the direction of cell expansion
    - - a complex polysaccharide that is the primary structural component of plant cell walls.
      - composed of long chains of glucose molecules linked together by beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds
      - synthesized by a complex enzyme complex called the cellulose synthase complex, which is embedded in the plasma membrane of plant cells.
  - - - It is the primary energy storage molecule in plants
      - Starch is stored in various plant tissues, including roots, stems, and seeds, and can be mobilized and broken down into glucose when energy is needed
      - It is important for the growth of seedlings, and can be used by plants to survive periods of low light or nutrient availability.
      - It is a source of dietary carbohydrates and provides a slow-release source of energy.
    - - Starch is a complex polysaccharide that is composed of two main components: amylose and amylopectin.
      - Amylose is a linear molecule composed of alpha-D-glucose units linked together by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
      - Amylopectin is a highly branched molecule composed of alpha-D-glucose units linked together by both alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds and alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds.
      - Starch is stored in specialized organelles called amyloplasts in plant cells.
- - - - Cells are empty and dead
      - Intercellular spaces are absent and the lumen of the cell is narrow
      - Consists of a uniform thickening cell wall which is lignified
      - Pits are simple oblique and sometimes they are branched
  - - - Vessel elements: Main functional cells which are elongated cells with thick walls and many pits. the walls are composed of cellulose and lignin
      - Fibres and sclereids
      - Parenchyma cells are used to store and transporting nutrients
  - - - Sieve tube & sieve tube elements: made of many cells joined together to form tubes with perforated sieve plates between them. A tube filled with phloem sap. Cells have no nuclei
      - Companion cells: very active and linked to phloem cells by many plasmodesmata