Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Plant structure and fuction, Classification, Plant tissue - Coggle Diagram

- - - - sclerenchyma
        
        Sclerenchyma is a plant tissue that provides mechanical support and strength. It consists of thick-walled cells that are tough and durable, and is found in various parts of the plant including the stem, leaves, and fruit.Sclerenchyma tissue comes in two main types: fibers and sclereids.
      - collenchyma
        
        Collenchyma is a plant tissue that provides mechanical support and flexibility to the plant. Its cells have thick primary cell walls that are unevenly thickened with cellulose and pectin. Collenchyma cells are found in the stem, leaves, and petioles, and can stretch and elongate as the plant grows, providing support while also allowing for flexibility.
      - parenchyma
        
        Parenchyma is a plant tissue that makes up most organs in plants. It consists of thin-walled, flexible cells that play important roles in photosynthesis, nutrient storage, tissue regeneration, and water storage. Parenchyma cells can also divide and differentiate into other cell types, contributing to plant growth and development.
      - phloem
        
        Phloem is a plant tissue that transports organic materials, such as sugars, from the leaves to the rest of the plant. It consists of specialized cells called sieve-tube elements, which form a long, continuous tube. Companion cells provide metabolic support to the sieve-tube elements. Phloem is found in the vascular bundles and is responsible for translocation of materials through the plant.
      - xylem
        
        Xylem is a plant tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It consists of elongated cells, such as tracheids and vessel elements, which form tubes that provide a pathway for water and minerals to move through the plant. Xylem also contains fibers for structural support and parenchyma cells for nutrient storage. The movement of water and minerals through the xylem is driven by transpiration and regulated by various factors.
      - cambium
        
        Cambium is a plant tissue that causes lateral growth in woody plants. It produces new cells that differentiate into xylem and phloem tissues, increasing the stem or root diameter. The two types of cambium are vascular cambium and cork cambium, which are essential for the development and maintenance of woody plants.
      - epidermis
        
        The plant epidermis is the outermost layer of cells covering the surface of plants. It functions to protect against damage, pathogens, and water loss, while also facilitating gas exchange and absorption of water and nutrients.
- - - - a layer of cells that covers the surface of the root and regulates water and nutrient absorption.
    - - a layer of ground tissue beneath the epidermis that stores starch and helps transport water and nutrients.
    - - small projections of cells on the surface of the root that increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption.
    - - a layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and nutrients into the root.
    - - a protective layer of cells at the tip of the root that helps the root penetrate through the soil.
    - - structures within the root that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
  - - - structures within the stem that transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant.
    - - a layer of actively dividing cells that can produce new xylem and phloem cells, allowing the stem to increase in diameter.
    - - a layer of ground tissue that lies beneath the epidermis and may contain chloroplasts in some plants.
    - - a central region of parenchyma cells within the stem that can store nutrients.
    - - a layer of cells that covers the stem and regulates water and gas exchange.
    - - regions on the stem where leaves and branches attach.
  - - - a layer of tightly packed cells containing chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis
    - - small openings on the underside of the leaf that allow for gas exchange and transpiration.
    - - a layer of cells that cover the leaf and regulate water and gas exchange.
    - - transport tissues that deliver water and nutrients to the leaf and carry away sugars produced by photosynthesis.
    - - a waxy layer on the outer surface of the leaf that helps prevent water loss.
  - - - The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds plant cells and provides support, structure, and protection. It is composed mainly of cellulose and other materials, and helps regulate the movement of water and nutrients between cells.
    - - Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy. They have a complex structure and are essential for plant growth and survival.
    - - Amyloplasts are organelles found in plant cells responsible for storing starch. They are non-pigmented and have a simple structure consisting of a single membrane surrounding a starch-filled interior.
    - - Tonoplast is the membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells, responsible for regulating the movement of molecules in and out of the vacuole and maintaining pH and osmotic pressure.
    - - Plasmodesmata are channels that allow communication and transport of molecules between adjacent plant cells. They play a crucial role in nutrient exchange, signaling, defense mechanisms, and coordination between plant parts.
    - - The middle lamella is a thin layer of pectin that cements adjacent plant cells together and plays a critical role in cell adhesion and maintaining the integrity of the cell wall.
    - - A vacuole is a large, membrane-bound organelle in plant cells that stores various substances and helps regulate the osmotic balance within the cell. It also provides turgor pressure, stores pigments and toxins, and plays a role in defense.
- - - - Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, while animal cells lack a cell wall.
    - - Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are organelles responsible for carrying out photosynthesis and producing energy-rich molecules such as glucose. Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts.
    - - Plant cells have a large central vacuole, which stores water, nutrients, and waste products. Animal cells may contain smaller vacuoles, but they are not as prominent as those in plant cells.
    - - Plant cells tend to be rectangular or square in shape, while animal cells are more irregular in shape.
        Plant cells are generally larger than animal cells
    - - Plant and animal cells undergo mitosis (cell division) differently. Plant cells divide through the formation of a cell plate, while animal cells divide through the formation of a cleavage furrow.
- - - - In biology, a species is a fundamental unit of classification that describes a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in natural conditions. The concept of species is important because it allows biologists to organize and classify the vast diversity of living organisms, making it easier to study and understand their relationships and evolutionary history.
      - According to this concept, individuals are grouped into species based on their physical appearance and other visible characteristics. Morphological species concepts are used extensively in the field of taxonomy, where they are used to identify and classify different species of organisms based on their physical characteristics.
      - The biological or reproductive species concept defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring. It emphasizes the importance of reproductive isolation in defining a species. If two groups of organisms can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, they are considered to belong to the same species. Conversely, if they are reproductively isolated and cannot interbreed, they are considered to belong to different species.
      - Phylogenetic species concept
      - Ecological species concept
      - Evolutionary species concept
      - Genetic species concept