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Plant Structure and Function - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Cell wall present
      - One large vacuole
      - Have cell membrane too
      - Have chloroplasts
      - Have rectangular fixed shape
    - - Cell wall absent
      - One or more small vacuole
      - Only have cell membrane
      - Don't have chloroplasts
      - Have round irregular shape
  - - - Function
        
        Produce energy through photosynthesis
      - Structure
        
        Chloroplast envelope
        
        Double membrane consist of inner and outer membrane
        
        Intermembrane space
        
        Space between inner and outer membrane
        
        Thylakoid membrane
        
        A collection of membranous sacs called thylakoids
        
        The thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana
        
        Surrounding & connecting grana is the stroma
    - - Function
        
        Provide structural strength and support
        
        Provide a semi-permeable surface for molecules to pass in and out of the cell
      - Ultrastructure
        
        Biphasic structure consisting of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a gel-like cellulose matrix.
      - Structure
        
        Arranged in layers and contains cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and soluble protein.
        
        Three major layers
        
        Primary cell wall
        
        Middle Lamella
        
        Structure
        
        Mainly composed of pectic polysaccharides, lignin, and a small amount of proteins
        
        Function
        
        Cementing layer between the primary walls of adjacent cells
        
        Secondary cell wall
    - - Structure
        
        Pit chamber
        
        The hollow area where the secondary layers of the cell wall are absent
        
        Pit aperture
        
        The opening at either end of the pit chamber
        
        Pit membrane
        
        The membrane between adjacent cell walls
      - Function
        
        Allow the flow of water and nutrients from one element to another
    - - Structure
        
        Membrane bound structure found in the cytoplasmic matrix of a cell.
        
        The membrane surrounding the vacuole is known as tonoplast.
        
        Structure
        
        Composed of highly ordered lipids which form regions of free liquid lipid bilayer loosely bound to integral proteins
        
        Function
        
        Separate the inner vacuole, or vacuole lumen, from the outer cellular cytoplasm, or cytosol
        
        The components of the vacuole, known as the cell sap, differ from that of the surrounding cytoplasm.
        
        The membranes are composed of phospholipids.
      - Function
        
        Storage for salt and water
    - - Structure
        
        A type of plastid surrounded by a double lipid bilayer of inner and outer envelope membrane
      - Function
        
        Starch synthesis and storage
    - - Structure
        
        Cylindrical channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells, establishing living bridges between cells.
      - Function
        
        Facilitate the movement of molecules between cells, ranging from small photosynthetic products to large proteins and mRNA.
- - - - Transport sugar from leaves to all parts
    - - Toward the outside of the vascular bundle
    - - Consists of living cells arranged end to end
      - Its vessel contain cytoplasm
  - - - Transport water and minerals from roots to all parts
    - - Towards the centre
    - - Consists of a variety of specialized, water-conducting cells known as tracheary elements.
  - - - Provide mechanical support
    - - Below the epidermis of monocotyledons
    - - composed of dead cells that have heavily thickened walls containing lignin and a high cellulose content
- - - - Together with pectin, making the calcium pectate
        
        Which holds plant cells together
      - In the permeability of membranes
    - - To produce the chlorophyll
      - For the activation of some plant enzymes
      - Synthesis of nucleic acid
    - - to make DNA
      - To make many hormones
      - To make amino acids
- - - - Structure
        
        Amylopectin
        
        Amylose
        
        linear polysaccharide composed entirely of D-glucose units joined by the α-1,4-glycosidic linkages
      - Function
        
        Energy storage
    - - Structure
        
        linear chains of glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds
      - Function
        
        Helps the plant to remain stiff & strong