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Behaviourism - Operant Conditioning; - Coggle Diagram
Behaviourism - Operant Conditioning;
Definition;
A method of learning that involves punishments and rewards for behaviour, and associations made through behaviour and consequence.
Associate a voluntary behaviour and a consequence.
Positive and negative reinforcement;
Positive reinforcement;
Description; A response or behaviour that is strengthened by rewards that leads to the repetition of that desired behaviour
Example; Giving a rat food pellets for pulling a lever.
Negative reinforcement;
Description; The termination of an unpleasant state, removal of an adverse stimulus which is unpleasant to the person. Where you repeat a behaviour to avoid an unpleasant outcome.
Example; Having a shower to avoid comments like 'oi you smell'.
Positive and negative punishment;
Positive punishment;
Description; When you give someone a punishment or adverse stimulus to discourage a behaviour.
Example; Shouting at a student because they have for the 3rd lesson forgotten a pen.
Negative punishment;
Description; Involving taking something desirable or good away from an individual to discourage behaviour.
Example; A teacher takes away a students phone to discourage them getting the phone out in class.
Primary and secondary reinforcers;
Primary reinforcers are stimuli that are based on survival needs, eg; food, water or attention.
A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus associated with the primary reinforcer, eg;; money can buy food, water or attention.
Other important features;
Schedules or reinforcement;
Reinforcing every response is a useful way to establish the learning of a particular response but it difficult to maintain over time.
A partial reinforcement schedule (eg; every 10th time a behaviour is shown) would reinforce regularly and be easier to maintain over time.
Evaluation;
Strengths;
Classical and operant conditioning has been shown in laboratory experiments.
Has developed successful therapies.
Weaknesses;
Classical and operant conditioning does not take into account our biology.
Classical and operant conditioning assert that free will is an illusion because our behaviour is a consequence of our lived experiences.