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Species InteractionsCommunity Ecology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Community dynamics are complex - Species interactions differ in strength
        
        Keystone species Usually Large Bodied, higer lever consumers = a species that has a strong or wide-reaching impact far out of proportion to its abundance
        - Removal of a keystone species has substantial ripple effects - Significantly alters the food web
  - - - Competition can occur when resources are limited - In competition, multiple organisms seek the same limited resources and all competitors suffer (/ interaction)
        Food, space, water, shelter, mates, sunlight
        Intraspecific competition **= occurs between members of the same** species
        High population density leads to increased competition
        Interspecific competition = occurs between members of two or more species Strongly affects community composition Leads to competitive exclusion or species coexistence
        
        Competition can occur when resources are limited
        
        Competitive exclusion = one species completely excludes another species from using a resource - Zebra mussels displaced native mussels in the Great Lakes
        
        Species coexistence = neither species fully excludes the other from resources, so both live side by side - This produces a stable point of equilibrium, with stable population sizes - Species minimize competition by using only a part of the available resource (niche)
        
        Niche
        
        Fundamental niche = the full niche of a species (what they would occupy if there were no interspecies competition)
        
        Realized niche = the portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled Due to competition or other species’ interactions
        
        Resource partitioning = process by which species use different resources or use shared resources in different ways
        
        Character displacement = competing species diverge in their physical characteristics due to the evolution of traits best suited to the resources they use- Results from resource partitioning , Birds that eat larger seeds evolve larger bills, Birds that eat smaller seeds evolve smaller bills. Competition is reduced when two species become more different
        
        What Happens with Extreme Character Displacement?
        
        Sympatric Speciation: one ancestral population splits and exploits resources differently until they become so different they can’t reproduce with each other anymore
    - - Commensalism= relationship in which one member benefits and the other is not helped or harmed
        
        Mutualism = relationship in which both species benefit
        
        Parasitism- one is benifited and the other is harmed
- - - - Primary consumers Herbivores = second trophic level, Organisms that consume producers, Herbivores consume plants, Deer, grasshoppers
      - Tertiary consumers Predators = fourth trophic level , Predators at the highest trophic level , Consume secondary consumers, Are also carnivores ,Hawks, owls
        
        10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately 10 kcal of tertiary consumer.
      - Omnivores = consumers that eat both producers (plants) and consumers (animals)
        
        What moves through the community from one trophic level to another as organisms feed on one another? Matter and Energy- Matter is continuously recycled while energy is captured from the sun by plants and progressively lost at higher trophic levels.
      - Secondary consumers Carnivores = third trophic level, Organisms that prey on primary consumers, Carnivores consume meat, Wolves, rodents (that eat insects)
    - - Detritivores = scavenge waste products or dead bodies ,Millipedes, soil insects
      - Decomposers = break down leaf litter and other nonliving material into simpler chemicals that can be used by plants , Fungi, bacteria , Enhance topsoil and recycle nutrients
- - - - Secondary succession = a disturbance dramatically alters, but does not destroy, all local organisms - The remaining organisms and soil form “building blocks” that help shape the process of succession. Fires, hurricanes, farming, logging
        Climax community = community that remains in place with few changes until another disturbance restarts succession