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What are the implications of forced labour, slavery and trafficking of IUU…

- - - - Different alliances and joint effort to create policy in different countries for IUU
      - International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU fisheries
        
        This is a plan of action put forth by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN in 2001it is a voluntary act that put out guidelines and regulations to all states involved to help address IUU fisheries
        (FAO 2001)
- - - - average global sea surface temperature has risen by around 0.13°C per decade over the last 100 years and marine heatwaves are estimated to have increased by more than 50% in the past 30 years (Young, 2023)
        
        Fish stocks migrating to deeper waters where temperatures are cooler.
        
        global fish biomass is expected to decline by 5% for every 1°C of warming. (Lotze, 2019)
        
        declines in marine catch potential of up to 40% expected in parts of the tropics (Young, 2023)
        
        Tropical countries are expected to see the greatest losses, furthering inequities between Global South and North
        
        as fish enter new jurisdictions, unregulated fisheries could form, with management and enforcement frameworks requiring adaptation. (Jones, 2022)
        
        Average increases of 30–70% in high altitude regions.
        
        poleward distribution shifts could see key
        species move closer to market states with stronger monitoring and enforcement frameworks
        
        since the 1950s, the oceans’ oxygen content has dropped by around 2%, with the volume of ocean waters completely depleted of oxygen quadrupling since the 1960s (Young, 2023)
        
        Deoxygenized conditions can lead to serious reproductive impairments, changes in sex, and other effects in various species, as well as disrupting the food web. (Poppick, 2019)
    - - disrupting the development and survival rates of larval fish, among other impacts on marine life. (Tasoff, 2018)
    - - reductions in Arctic sea-ice coverage creates opening of new shipping lanes
        
        ‘race to fish’ in previously inaccessible
        waters.
        
        stocks could face future exploitation by a wider range of actors (Gricius, 2022)
        
        the market for Antarctic
        krill oil is expected to grow from $740.3 million in 2021 to $2.25 billion by 2031(Nikam, 2021)
        
        Growing demand and more distant-water fishing operations
        risk fuelling a rise in instances of IUU fishing (Syal, 2021
- - - - Debt-bondage & trafficking (Murphy, 2018)
        
        Torture and death
        
        Sustain injuries with no doctor or insurance
        
        Little to no food or water, sickness
        
        Human dignity
        
        Will never work off their debt
        
        May never get home again
        
        Precarity, economic dignity and decent work are basic human rights (Garcia et al, 2021)
        
        Various forms of corruption with slavery high prevalence of drug trafficking (Belhabib, et al, 2020)
- - - - Are the fish healthy, free from toxins and parasites?
      - Seafood fraud (AP Investigations, n.d.)
      - Prevalence of slavery highest in top 20 overfishing countries (Tickler et al, 2017)