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unit 3 - global gorvernance of the worlds oceans - Coggle Diagram
unit 3 - global gorvernance of the worlds oceans
3.2.6 -> global governance of the worlds oceans introduction
supranational institutions
organisations that share decision making has influence over its member states, reguardess of national bounderies
examples
United Nations
maintain peace and security and uphold international law
Goal 14 of the UN's sustainable developement goals
'conserve and sustainably use the oceans and marine resources
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation
protects the environmnt and oceans
promotes cooperation and coordinates marine research in effectivelly managing marine resources
EU
the political and economic union for european states
aims to protect marine environments in europe
EU Marine Directive
acheieve 'good environmental statues' for the EU's marine waters by 2020 and protect the resources it provides
G8/G7
made up of USA, UK, Germany, Italy, France, Japan, Canada, Russia
members meet annually to discuss economic policiesand have made the future of the oceans a key priority in 2017 aiming to conserve ocean resources
G20
made up of 19 coutries and the EU as the main economic forum of wealthy countries
called for global ocean governance to ensure sustainale use of the oceans
2017 developed an action plan o reduce plastic waste entering oceans
G77
developing countries to promote economic interests, support thhe UN goals to proe=tc=ect the marine environments
NATO
military alliance playing a key role in maritime security
UNCLOS
United nations convetion for the Laws of the sea
signed by everyone bar a few ladlocked counties
defines the rights and juristicyions countries have over different parts of the ocean
12nm - territorial seas
country has complete control over all activities
24nm - contiguous zone
country has sovereignity nand legal rights but any vessels from any countries can access
200nm - EEZ
Exclucive economic zone - country has rights to control the seabed and resources but all countries have the right to sail in this water
2 counrties close together find a median line creating a boarder
Norway and russia had disputes over owning waters around svalbard
200nm+ - High sea
no sovereignity or legal ownership - certain international agreements appley
controling the worlds oceans alowes superpowers to extend their sphere influence in the world
USA and Chine = majour marine superpowers
prevent conflict
encouraged by poverty and civil war but have struggled to identify reasons for crime at sea
Somalia
more ambitious and organised gangs
deliver emergency reief
Bering strait
because sea ice is melting a gap is being formed between Alaska and russia
securty issues
oil transit chokepoints
increase transprort costs = increased oil prices
increase the risk of oil spills
vulnerable to piracy
Strait of hormuz
Suez Canal
brings lots of money to Egypt
reduces travel time and therefore the cost for ships travelling Europe to America
The U's maritime past
always had connections with many countries e.g. the commmonwealth
the arrival of many immigrants have shaped britains past
3.2.7 -> global flows of shipping and sea cables
changing trends, patterns, networks and regulation of shipping
90% of world trade carried by sea
growth in trade resulting from globalisation had led to a 400% increase in the number of ships at sea since 1990's
biggest increase = around india and from china
exportt to Europe and N. america
sea trade reached 10.6 billion tonnes in 2017
container ships
60% of seabourn trade
ships have increased in size
8000 to 18,000 containers
increased cpacity is getting larger than the growth in trade resulting in bankrupcy
oil tankers
30% of global trade
size of tankers determined by oil chokepoints
oil trasport depents on oil prices
2015 oil was cheap and chine stockpiled
regulation of shipping
UNCLOS allowes ships the right of peacefull passage through territorial waters
IMO rules tankers need a double hull to reduce the risk of spillage - 2015
cannot flush empty tanks out with sea water and flush back into the sea
IMO
responsible for sea safety and the protection for marine environments
smuggling and people trafficking
marketing of illegal and counterfit goods and smuggling of migrants and trafficing of people
globalisation led to deregulation
globalisation increases the innequality between places
attempts to illegally emigrate
rely on organised crime
can end up in modern day slavery
$30 billion annually globally
esimated 2.4 million victims in 127 countries
there is a lack of international cooperation and solutions to control smuggling - usually tried to deal with through strengthening boarder controls
growth of sea floor cables
150 years - modern day cables are cheaper and faster
increased demands for global connectivity
shows innequalitied between cuntries
Europe, N. America and Asia b=have the greatest connectivity
cables are owned by MNC's
Google, Microsoft, Amazon
risk to sea floor cable data networks
earthquaks
tsunamis
meterological events
current abrasion
fishing and anchors
intentional cable cut
terrorism
international disputes
russia trying to cut uk data networks due to the war in ukrain
thicker, more proected cable used in shallower water due to the high risk of damage
boats, submarines, fishing, currents
protecting sea floor cables
UNCLOS states members need to use domestic legislation to penalise cabe damage by ships in their jursiticion
free to a cables in your own EEZ
tracking systems are sometimes installed aruond wiresalloiwing the country to warn anything that gets too close to them
3.2.8 -> sovreignity of ocean resources
distribution and ownership
UNCLOS
decided the benefits of the high sea should be shared throughout all countreiies
ISA - International seabed Authority regulates mining
EEZ
establishes each counrtries right to control seabed resources
Mineral resources
sand and gravel = mist mined in the marine environment
some biodiversity is usefull
human health benefits
electric vehicle
wind turbines
carbon store
Fossil Fuels
1/3 pf al oil and gas comes from off chore sources
many shallow water reserves are being used up around America so companies onto reserves i deeper water
technological advances have discovred over 400 majour deposits
as reserves are used up, sale prices are also increasing
Geopolitical tensions
conflics may happen where EEZ's overlap and the is disagreement over ownership of islands
China has claimed small islands includnig man made ones in the south china sea
Spratley islands
possible acess to resources and oil transport routes
UN said the man made islands were too small to have EEZ's and found in favour of the phillipeans
ownership of Arctic resources
vast amounts of oil and gas, also diamonds, Coal, Lead and nickle
as sea ie melts access to the minerals is becoming easier
Russia, US, Greenland, Denmark
all want access to the inerals
cruse ships want right of passage
The Arctic Council (199)
want to manage shipping, territorial claims, fiching nd biodiversity in arctic regions
Landlocked Countries
45 countries with no coastline gain no benefit fromocean resorces
havethe right to access and utilise oceans but access through countries is difficult
delayed goods = more costs
trading difficulties can lead to slower economi developement, 16 landlocked countries are among the poorest in the world
Indigenous People
Fishing and seafood is important culturally
fishing boats have enrouched on native fishing areas in S. Africa impacting population
Madagascar = destroyed fishing stocks
Mineral extraction by foreign countries aso impacts loacl activities
indigenous groups in papa new Guinea have petitioned over fears of canadian companies extrcacting mineras in their environment and the impact it will have on livlihoods
3.2.9 -> managing marine environments
the global commons
high sea = 1 global common
the tragedy of the commons
the resources provided by the commons will be over-expoilted unless there is some form of regulations
there is a snned for international cooperation in sustainable management of fish stocks and pollution as it mocves between EEZ's
sustainable goal 14 - 'conserven and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable developement
"if i dont catch the fish, other fisher will, so i may as well catch the fish"
natural assets which are outside the jurestiction of any nation (hight sea, atmosphere, arctic, outer space)
actions = banning whaling by the IWC and demanding action for controlling plastic pollution
causes of over-exploitation
increases population
global doubling of fish consumption
increased wealth
change of taste
increased fishing fleets
70000 fishing vessels
actory fishing vessels
able to stay as sea for longer periods of time
technology
lack of regulation
high seas
EEZ's
consequences of over-fishing
as stocks decrease -prices increase
developing countries will expolit fish for international trade - only locally caught fish for local consumption
local fishiers provide the bulk of the fish for their community leading to small fishing fleets being overtaken by larger commercial fleets
loss of livlihood
unemployment
senegal (W. Africa) 80% unemployment among fishers
EU Common fisheries quota
manage fish stocks
blamed for uemployment in places like scotland where many people rely on fishing
accept other types of fish
kake / pollock
sustainable management or marine environments
'safeguard marine resources for future generations and allow global growth and sustainability'
there is NO enforcable global policy on sustainable management of the oceans
EU Common Fisheries Policy
estimate fish stocks
estimae a Maximum Sustainable Yeild
from MSY a TAC is calculates
politicians produce quotas
produce quotas for different sea areas
lead to a devide amongst local fishers
cannot catch more than the allowable quota / species without a quota
result in bicatch and discards
monitored and enforced by national governments
methods of sustainable management
No Catch Zone
form part of a no-take zone
removal of any resources is prohibited
in the UK
Lamlash bay
2008
recover from overfishing
scallop fishing
after 5 tears - much more coverage, basic animals (scallops and lobsters), sustainable foundation to develope upon
increase in scallops overspill into surrounding areas - fishers are happy
Marine Scotland Compliance enforce the legistlation
encourage ecotourism
Marine Protected areas
areas which have been reserved by law to protect part, or all of the natural resources within them
can limit fishing, mining and tourism
usually found withing territorial waters where governments can enforce them
Great Barrier Reef
Marine Conservation zone
created by 2009 UK Marine and coastal access act
designed to protect a range of nationally important marine wildlife habitats
Skomer
prohibit dredging and beam trawlers
taking or landing scallops
Fishing quotas
reduce catches to a biologically and economially sustainable level
ases on scientific advice
3.2.10 -> managing marine pollution
sources and causes of marine pollution
terrestrial runoff
can pollute oceans
many contaminents
fertilisers + pesticides rich in nitrogen
oil from road serfices
waste from industrial activity + inland mining
treated and untreaded sewage
domestic waste water which may contain chemicals
plastic microbeads
waste disposal
rubbish is dumped from shipping
20000 tonnes of waste
over 80% of all waste pumped into the sea has been dredged elsewhere
oil spills
come from shipping accident
2000 - 2017 = 47000 tonnes of oil lost
Sea Empress 1996
short term effects
atmospheric pollution
ocean naturalla absorbs CO2 and as the amount of CO2 in the tmosphere increases the ocean absorbs more and becomes acidic
Eutrophication
parts or all of a body of water becomes enriched with minerals and nutrients
modern agri-businesses, intensive agriculture, soil erosion, flooding
leavhing of highly soluable nitrate fertilisers and phosphates
these are both important plnt and algal nutients
can result in algal blooms
shades the marine life below the surface from light and preventin photosynthesys
the death of algal blooms -. the build up of matter on the sea bed
decay of dead material by decomposing organisms
uses up oxygen
can lea to more dead organisms
more deacay
+ve feedback
oxygen is replenished in coastal waters through waves and storms
Oils Spills
huge impact on sea birds
feathers get covered in oil
prevents flight
destroys waterproofing and insulation
preening feathers = ingestation of oil = death
blowholes can get clogged with oil
oil in the coats of otters and seals encourages hypothermia
poison fish
Plastic waste
massive global increase in plastic use and waste
450 years to break down
release toxic chemicals into the water
gyres circulate the ocean currents and consolidate debris into certain parts of the oceans - GARBAGE PATCHES
great pacific garbage patch
3x the size of france
animals get entangled
seabirds ingest plastic / dolphins and turtles get caught up in it
management
UNCLOS obligates that all states must protect and preserve their marine coastal environments
can enforce pollution measures
can coperate with global marine efforts
EU's marine strategy Framework directive
'good environmetal status by 2020
restore marine environments and ecosystems
prevent and reduce inputs into the marine environment to reduce significant impacts
UK strategies
banned micreobeads in toiletries
charge for carrier bags
2018 - gov't promised £61.4 million to deal with plastic pollution
25 mill for research
20 mill to reduce plastict entering the ocean
16.4 mill for improving waste managemnt
The Ocean Cleanup
nonprophit
2013
develop technologies to remove plastic from the oceans
aims to clear half the PGP within 5 years
CASE STUDY - Belieze barrier reef
*largest barrier reef in the Northern hamisphere
1996 - made a Marine Heritage site
300km long
13000 visitors annually
vital to fishing
Number of Stakeholders
UNESCO
Belieze Government
NGO's
WWF
Comminities
Fisheries