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Chapter 11 Childhood Disorders - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 11 Childhood Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
1/68 American 8 year old is autistic
4-5 times more boys than girls are diagnosed with autism
Mutations in following genes cause intellectual disability and social dysfunction
FMR1 (usually codes for fragile x mental retardation protein)
Mutation causes Fragile X Syndrome
PTEN (usually codes for tumor suppressor enzyme regulating cell division)
TSC1 or TSC2 (code for proteins to help control cell growth and size)
No biomarkers of autism
White and gray matters show subtle alterations
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Characterized by hyperactivity, impulsive, inattentiveness
Affects executive function
Diagnosing: behavioral issues must be present in more than 1 context
Extreme early adversity, exposure to lead, low birth weight may cause ADHD to be triggered
No cure. Uses behavioral interventions
Low concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine
Down syndrome
Patient possess extra copy of all or part of 21st chromosome
Maternal age is major risk factor
Will develop Alzheimer’s disease in 40 or 50s
Chromosome 21 encodes for amyloid precursor protein (APP), an Alzheimer’s risk factor
Extra copy of this chromosome may cause the onset
Dyslexia
Pronounce difficulty with reading but has normal intelligence education and motivation
Impaired ability to rapid automatic name things
Persists lifelong
Less brain activity in left occipitotemporal cortex, needed for skilled reading
Brain differences are already present
Brain differences are already present
Epilepsy
Irregular brain cell activity lasting for 5+ minutes
2 or more seizures that cannot be explained by medical condition
Seizures: temporary disruption of brain activity caused by excessive neuronal activity (groups of neurons fire at the same time → large spikes in neuron activity
Absence/ petit mal seizures
Rapid blinking or staring into space
Tonic-clonic or grand mal seizures
Patient may fall
Muscle spasms
Cry out
Focal or partial seizures
Localized to one part of brain
Cause twitching or change in sensation
Secondary or generalized seizures
Begins in one part of brain and spreads to become generalized seizures
Causes
Premature birth
Brain trauma
Abnormal development to due genetic factors
Seizures can accompany or cause intellectual problems
Treatments
Ketogenic diet is effective for half of epileptic patients
High fat low carb foods
Surgery to remove or inactivate seizure initiating part
For secondary generalized seizures, split brain surgery is used, where the corpus callosum is cut
During seizures, there is increase in firing action potentials followed by a period of reduced excitability. Caused by excess neuronal activity