Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

BONE HEALTH - Coggle Diagram

- - - - if necessary, bones can use magnesium instead of calcium in hydroxyapatite
  - - - legumes
      - leafy green vegetables
      - Whole grains
      - Cocoa/Chocolate
  - - - Magnesium salts
      - Supplements
  - - - Alcohol abuse
      - Protein malnutrition
      - Renal disorders
      - Vomiting or diarrhea
    - - uncontrolled muscle spasms (occurs with severe deficiency)
      - Impaired central nervous system activity
      - Hypertension
      - Decreased appetite
      - Constriction of arteries + capillaries
- - - - Component of DNA/RNA
      - component of cell membranes
      - Component of phospholipids + lipoproteins
  - - - skeletal health allows for muscles and tendons to function properly
      - tooth health allows for mechanical digestion at the mouth
  - - - RDA: 700mg/day for adults
  - - - are uncommon because phosphorus is commonly found in foods
    - - excessive phosrus with insufficient corresponding calcium levels may be detrimental for tooth and bone health
- - - - Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
        
        Activates vitamin D and stimulates osteoclasts to break down and release calcium into blood
        
        Increased blood calcium levels
      - Calcitonin
        
        Inhibits vitamin D activation and prevents osteoclasts from releasing calcium into blood
        
        Decreased blood calcium levels
      - Calcitrol (Active vitamin D)
        
        Increases absorption of calcium in intestines
        
        Increases reabsorption of calcium in kidneys
        
        Increased blood calcium levels
        
        Stimulates osteoclasts to break down and release calcium into blood
  - - - can be caused by excess levels of parathyroid hormone, which leads to:
        
        high calcium levels in urine, which can cause kidney stones
        
        organ damage
    - - Can lead to osteoporosis, which is a common condition in older individuals, where bones are less dense and more fragile. Is associated with:
        
        gender, as it is more common in Canadian women (1 out of 4) than men (1 out of 8)
        
        Smoking and alcohol
        
        genetics: less common in African American individuals
        
        low body weight
        
        lower physical activity
- - - - calcium
      - phosporous
  - - - How?
        
        Liver produces 7-hydrocholesterol from cholesterol
        
        7-dehydrocholesterol in skin + sunlight = previtamin D3
        
        Previtamin D3 + body heat = vitamin D3 (calciol)
        
        1st hydroxylation: Vitamin D3 + OH- from liver = Calcidiol
        
        2nd hydroxylation: Calcidiol + OH- from kidneys = vitamin D (calcitriol)
      - non-essential vitamin
    - - Vitamin D-fortified soy milk
      - Vitamin D-fortitfied milk
    - - Salmon
      - Sardines
      - Mackerel
    - - We consume (through food) and synthesize ample amounts of vitamin D
  - - - Leads to calcium deficiency
        
        In adults
        
        Osteomalacia (especially women) - Poor mineralization of bone leading to softened, brittle, deformed bones. This leads to
        
        Bent spine
        
        Bowed legs
        
        Pain
        
        Osteoporosis - Reduced bone density and fractures resulting from calcium loss
        
        In children: Rickets
        
        Bones fail to calcify normally leading to
        
        Bowed legs
        
        Beaded ribs
        
        Result from: feeding infants with nonfortified beverages instead of milk or infant formula
    - - decrease in ability to synthesize vitamin D due to
        
        age
        
        skin, liver and kidneys lose capacity to synthesize and activate vitamin D over time
        
        older adults tend to spend more time indoors and wear more protective clothing
        
        live disease
        
        kidney disease
        
        dark skin, which requires longer sunlight exposure to synthesize adequate amounts of vitamin D (especially those living in northern latitudes)
      - lack of sunlight due to
        
        heavy clouds, smoke, smog
        
        living in northern latitudes
      - breastfeeding without supplementation
  - - - Can lead to calcification: excess blood calcium precipitates in soft tissue which can
        
        Form kidney stones
        
        Hardening of major arteries of brain, heart and lungs is fatal
- - - - Strengthens bones
      - Strengthens teeth
      - strengthening of teeth and bones occurs when fluoride replaces the hydroxyl group of hydroxylapatite
        
        creates fluorapatite -
        
        protects against dental caries
  - - - Dental caries (common in children)
      - Bone fragility (osteoporosis)
    - - Fluorosis
        
        Minor damage: white specks on the teeth
        
        Major damage symptoms
        
        Pitted teeth
        
        Stained teeth
        
        ONLY occurs during tooth development
- - - - Specifically, it is needed to activate a carboxylase enzyme
        
        which is essential for effective calcium binding, and normal mineralization of bone
      - Adequate Vitamin K helps decrease bone turnover and protects against fractures
  - - - long term effects require more study
    - - causing less effective binding of calcium in bone formation
        
        causing low bone density
  - - - adverse effects with high intake are not reported
  - - - bacterial synthesis provides half of body needs