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socialisation - Coggle Diagram
socialisation
secondary socialisation = when an individual learns the norms & values of their culture through those outside of the family
peer group as an agent
- an important agent during school years
- can also be a source of rebellion, eg = youth subcultures such as goths influence eachother to resist the norms & values of wider society
- harris (1998) = peer group can be more influential than the family in shaping children's identities
education as an agent
- at school everyone learns the formal curriculum, which is based on the language & culture of society & reflects its values (eg = history is mostly form a british perspective)
- we also learn the hidden curriculum which is all the other norms & values learnt at school outside of formal lessons
- bowles & gintis (1976) = education system teaches hidden curriculum which includes values that are useful in society, eg = detention for lateness, teaching punctuality
media as an agent
- one way they may socialise us is through reps of different social groups
- eg = mulvey (1975) says that cameras used for films employ a male gaze
- another way is influence of violence in society, as some films & games have been blamed for 'copycat' acts of violence
- young (2007) = the media has created a 'bulimic society', which is one with constant hunger & desire to binge on everything
religion as an agent
- is in decline for most of us, however could be argued that many uk norms & values are based on the christian religion (eg = attitudes towards divorce & homosexuality)
- modood & berthoud (1997) = the multi-faith nature of the uk means that religion socialises some groups more than others
workplace as an agent
- 'resocialisation' = individuals will learn a new set of norms & values when starting a job
- formal socialisation could include learning the code of conduct & acceptable dress codes, & these are enforced by formal sanctions such as being fired or a pay rise
- informal socialisation could include colleagues resocialising an individual in a similar way to peer groups at school, through informal sanctions such as the 'silent treatment'
- waddington (1999) = 'canteen culture' is used to describe a set of norms & values that people who work in a particular organisation will be socialised to accept, so that certain behaviours become the norm (has been used to describe racism in the police force)
the nature/nurture debate = whether behaviour is innate & determined by genes (nature), or learned by your upbringing (nurture)
nurture example = oxana malaya
- a feral child
- left in a kennel with family dogs since she was young without any human contact
- learnt to walk on all fours & bark like a dog
nature example = twin studies
- oskar & jack were identical twins studied by bouchard
- were separated at birth & raised separately, however many similarities were found in their behaviour, likes & dislikes & personalities
- eg = fave foods & choice in clothes
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primary socialisation = the initial stage of socialisation that occurs between ages 0 & 5, where the family as an agent play a key part in teaching us basic norms & values
family as an agent
- children view their parents as role models & learn from them in various ways
- oakley (1974) = children are socialised into their gender roles - important contribution to our identity
- imitation, eg = may copy way of talking
- positive/negative sanctions are applied to show what is acceptable (a form of social control)