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Melanin Storyline - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Humans have 46 chromosomes = 23 pairs
      - Chromosomes - tightly coiled DNA and proteins
        
        Homologous chromosomes
        -one chromosome comes from the mother
        -one chromosome comes from the father
        
        Arranged based on
        
        Size (Length)
        
        Position of Centromere (center of the chromosome)
        
        Banding Pattern (represented by the bases of the DNA strand)
      - Gene's Locus - chromosome number
        
        centromere: find the pinched in area
        
        Above: p
        
        Below: q
        
        Reference number (right side of chromosome)
  - - - Genotypes (AA, Aa or aa):
      - 2 Alleles
      - 1 from each parent
      - Genotypes can be:
      - Heterozygous = two different alleles (ex: Aa)
      - Carrier or Hybrid
      - Homozygous = two of the same alleles (ex: AA or aa)
      - purebred
- - - - the process of copying a gene (on DNA) into mRNA
      - Occurs within the nucleus of the cell
      - mRNA is single stranded and much shorter than DNA therefore mRNA can leave the nucleus (DNA cannot leave the nucleus)
    - - the process of building a protein from the message contain in mRNA
      - Occur at a ribosome (either within the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum)
      - Remember proteins are macromolecules which are made of amino acids
    - - mRNA from DNA strands
        
        T-A
        
        A-U
        
        C-G
        
        G-C
        
        Amino acids from codon wheel from mRNA
  - - - he entire frame of nucleotides shifts
      - Insertion: addition of a base
      - Deletion: deletion of a base
    - - one nucleotide is substituted for another
      - Silent: no change in amino acid
      - Nonsense: results in an early STOP codon = short, usually nonfunctional, protein
      - Missense: one amino acid changes
    - - Mutations can be an advantage, disadvantage, or neutral for the organism's survival
      - Either a base (letter) is swapped for another base (base substitution mutations: missense or nonsense)
      - OR
      - A base can be inserted into or deleted from the gene (frameshift mutations)
- - - - UVR is required for the synthesis of vitamin D
      - Vitamin D is required for the absorption of calcium
      - Calcium plays important roles in bone strength, nerve communication, muscle contraction, and activating blood clotting factors
- - - - Dark mice survived after the lava flow.
        
        Those mice reached reproductive age and produced babies.
        
        Over hundreds or thousands of years, the number of dark colored mice increased because the gene to code for dark fur was a selective advantage
    - - Genetic Drift: change in allele frequencies due to a random chance