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OSPE, Blood Supply of GIT, Gastro-oesophageal junction, Oesophageal…
OSPE
GIT
Surface anatomy
Right hypochondrium (RHC)
- Liver and gall bladder
- Duodenum of the small intestine
- Right kidney
- Hepatic Flexure of Colon
Epigastric region
- Liver
- Stomach
- Pancreas
- Duodenum of the small intestines
- Part of spleen
Left hypochondrium (LHC)
- Stomach
- Top of the left lobe of the liver
- Left kidney
- Spleen
- Tail of the pancreas
- Parts of the small intestine
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
Right lumbar region
- Gallbladder
- Right kidney
- Part of the liver
- Ascending colon.
Umbilical region
- Duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.
- Transverse colon
- Bottom portions of both the left and right kidney.
Left lumbar region
- Descending colon
- Left kidney
- Part of the spleen
Right Iliac (Inguinal)
- Appendix
- Cecum
- Right iliac fossa
Pubic (hypogastric) region
- Part of the sigmoid colon,
- Anus
Left Iliac (Inguinal)
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
- Left iliac fossa
Oral Cavity
- Functions
- Taste
- Grinding of food.
- Lubrication
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Floor covered by thin and vascular layer of mucosa supported by geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles while the tongue rests on it.
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Upper jaw is called as such, and mandible is the lower jaw
Swallow
Buccal phase
- Bolus pushed against hard palate
- Retraction of tongue pushes bolus to oropharynx and assists in raising soft palate, sealing off nasopharynx
- Bolus moves to oropharynx and bolus begins moving to stomach
Pharyngeal Phase
- Bolus comes into contact with palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch, as well as posterior pharyngeal wall.
- Elevation of larynx and folding of epiglottis directs bolus past the closed glottis
- Uvula and soft palate block passage to nasopharynx
Oesophageal phase
- Pharyngeal muscles forces bolus through entrance of oesophagus
- Bolus pushed to stomach by peristalsis
Bolus Enters Stomach
- Lower oesophageal sphincter opens
- Bolus continues to stomach
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Pharynx
- Common passageway for solid food,
liquids, and air.
- Has stratified squamous epithelium
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Esophagus
- Muscular tube that starts from the pharynx and descends through the thoracic cavity to end into stomach.
- Always collapsed unless food is passing through.
- Located posterior to trachea and anterior to vertebral column.
- The opening between oesophagus and stomach is controlled by oesophageal sphincter (also known as cardiac sphincter).
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Stomach
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Body
Lesser Curvature
Lesser Omentum
- Connects to visceral surface of liver
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Greater Curvature
Greater Omentum
- Responsible for fighting infections
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Small intestine
- Longest part of GIT tract (about 6.7m).
- Has Plica Circularis (Circular folds on the inner surface) to increase surface area, along with villi and microvilli
Duodenum
- Can be further subdivided into 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th parts
Brunner’s gland in the submucosa is the most significant feature in the duodenum
- It neutralises the acidic medium so that the food is suitable for the rest of the intestine
Jejunum
- About 2.5m long
- Compared to ileum, the mesentery here has less arcades (the curved blood vessels that look like an arc)
- Mesentery has longer vasa recta (the straight blood vessels arising from the arc)
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Ileum
- About 3.5m long
- Mesentery has more arcades (the curved blood vessels that look like an arc)
- Mesentery has shorter vasa recta (the straight blood vessels arising from the arc)
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Big intestine
- Identified by Haustrations (bulges and depressions)
- Appendices epiploicae (omental appendices, fat droplets)
- Taeniae coli (long linear muscle along the large intestine)
- Can see on histological image
- Lined by columnar epithelium &
numerous goblet cells to aid movement of food
Caecum
- Ileocecal junction & appendix
- 2 more items...
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Layers
Villi
- Increases surface area for absorption
- Crypts are the space between villi
- Paneth cells below villi
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Pylorus
- Pyloric Antrum
- Pyloric Canal
Layers
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Inner surface - rugae
- Folds allow expansion of stomach
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Blood Supply of GIT
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Superior Mesenteric Artery, L1
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Inferior Mesenteric Artery, L3
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Distal 2/3, and GIT organs after this
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