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identity - gender and class - Coggle Diagram
identity - gender and class
gender identity
(traditional)
gender is fluid and changing : expectations surrounding womens role and appearance has changed - also different masculinity expectations now
traditional male expectations : tough, breadwinner, superior, not emotional
changing male identities : help out more around the house, take care of their appearance
traditional female expectations : housewife, looking good for husband, emotional, fragile, incapable
changing female identities : more in full time work, career focus, not aiming to start a family
Parsons (1955) 'gender role sin the family'
females have an 'expressive role', natural due to childbearing role but reinforced by socialisation
males have an 'instrumental role', natural base don physical strength, reinforced through socialisation
the different roles of males and females in tribes across the world show that gender is learnt through socialisation - social construction can change
Feminists argue that gender identity is socially constructed by patriachal society - family, peer groups, media ... all contribute to the gender construction
Mac and Ghail (1994) ' fighting, football and fucking'
boys learn to be men from their peer group
value the 3F's
Ann Oakley (1981) 'gender socialisation in the family'
canalisation and manipulation of behaviour
gender identity
(changing)
Denscombe (2001)
females adpoted a 'ladette' culture
want to be seen as anything but female
hashtag run like a girl
boys run in a petty, weak, slow way to imitate what running like a girl is
girls ran their fastest and hardest
Connell (1995)
hegemonic masculinity is tghe most common and encouraged
rise in subordinate masculinity (link w/ homosxeualiy)
Mac and Ghaill (1994) 'crisis of masculinity'
insecurity felt my w/c men due to the delcine in breadwinner identity
there as been a sector shift from manual labour jobs (that can only be completed by men)
Canaan (1996) 'w/c men in Wolverhampton values'
'what is the most important thing about being a man?
employed men = drinking, fighting, sex
unemployed = not having a job made them feel emasculated
class identity
(traditional)
class = a group of people who have similar economic and social position
affect upbringing - life experiences, parent attitudes
different norms and values
Pierre Bourdieu (1984) 'cultural capital' :
cultural capital = parents transmit knowledge and values onto children, higher classes can afford to take their children on days out that benefit their cultural capital (museums, ballet shows) - benefit in eductaion
upper class :
Mooney (2004) 'social closure'
education, leisure activities are isolated from the rest of the population
afford private school, leisure activities are expensive/uninteresting to rest of population (opera, polo...)
middle class :
Fox (2004) 'middle class differences'
upper, middle and lower middle class
own a home, uni educated
difference between public (teacher, nurse) and private (llawyer, banker) sector professionals
working class :
made up of mannual workers
Skeggs (1997) 'looking common'
w/c women made an effort with their appearance so they are not looked down upon my middle class members
underclass :
Murray (1984) 'benefits'
group at the bottom of society who are blamed for their own actions - rely on benefits, do not take responsibility for actions
raising school leaving age - policy by government who are concerned about NEETs
class identity
(changing)
Hutton (1995) 'sector change'
decline in the manufacturing sector eroded w/c identity
Pakulski and Waters (1996) 'production to consumption'
we are now defined by what we own, not by what we do
Offe (1985) 'reduction in full time work'
the unifying experience that used to shape cultures is in the decline
in a postmodern society - we can make choices and are given opportunities (regardless of background)
choice to go to uni, travel, start own business
however, the ability to make choices spend on how much money you have