Norms- Socially accepted habits or customs (e.g waiting in queues)

Rules- regulate our lives in a more formal manner (e.g school rules)

Law- Laws are made from the state and have punishment followed if the rule is broken by an individual

provision of civil liberates against the power of the state (Your right to freedom)

Pass laws on areas that is not acknowledged in the Australia Constitution

Is the principle of common law that requires judges to follow rulings of judges in high courts or on previous cases where issues and facts were similar.

This precedent ensures that all all similar cases are treated the same.

Laws that are define by legislation, enforced by the police and prosecuted by the state.

Deal with offences against the person, such as murder, attempted murder, assault and sexual assault.

Strong range of sanctions or punishments ranging from fines or imprisonments.

Involves two parties where each side presents their case (Before an impartial person or a group of people).

Ensure Rules are followed and decides what evidence is allowed

Judge listens and makes decisions on guilt (Criminal) or a version of events to be true (Civil)

Trial persuaded over by a judge who question the accused, gather evidence and then decide on the truth

Prosecution (Didn't commit the crime) Have to prove the defendant is guilty

beyond reasonable doubt (guilt) Defence does have to prove anything

Protecting the rights and property of individuals that are not necessarily protected by criminal laws

Is usually initiated by (Plaintiff) who takes legal action against those who have claimed to wrong them.

Standard of Proof = Beyond Reasonable Doubt. The decision maker must be convinced which is more likely

Criminal Conduct = Behaviour that the law deems to be wrongful

Criminal Law sets out the rules to be applied and the procedures and punishments to deal with criminal conduct

For an act or omission to be criminal a guilty mind is required

As well as causing harm to an individual, a crime is also regarded as harming the society as a whole, that's why its called an offence. ra

Changes and values and beliefs in a society changes what conduct is considered criminal e.g. one punch

Is the action that person takes to perform the criminal act, this is the physical action behind the crime.

Criminal intent is the conscious decision someone makes to deliberately engage in an unlawful or negligent act, or to harm someone else

A persons mental state and awareness of the fact that their conduct is criminal

The victim-person who has suffered a loss (physical, emotional or economic)

A witness person who has seen or heard the information relevant to an alleged crime

Asuspect-person who is thought to have committed a crime and is being investigated.

Alleged Crime Situation- unproven accusation of a crime is reported to the police for investigation

Evidence- Facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid

more serious criminal offence that requires a committal hearing and trial (offenders cannot be prosecuted or convicted except on indictment

A crime that is not inherently wrong, but that is illegal because it is prohibited by a legislation e.g. exceeding the speed limit

If the police in a criminal investigation, are satisfied that all the facts that together make up the elements of an offence have occurred and are provable against a person, they will charge that person with an offence

Every person who does an act for the purpose of helping or assisting another person to commit the offence (principles in second degree)

Any person who encourages or counsel any other person to commit the offence (accessory before the fact)

Unlawfully (no excuse, defence, justification or authorisation for it)

Unlawful killing of another in circumstances that does not amount to murder (without intent)

Summons - a written order, issued by the court after a criminal or civil complaint has been filed, that requires the person named in the complaint to appear in court

Arrest Warrant- authorises the police officer to arrest a particular person

Stealing/Theft- an intent to permanently deprive the owner of that thing

Is the link between the behaviour of the accused and the result. The legal question is: 'but for' the actins of the accused would the harm have occurred? If the answer is yea then that means the result or harm would have occurred anyway- so there's no legal ability. But if the answer is no, then it means that the actions of the accused was the factual case of the harm, injury or result.

Causation is sometimes referred to as the 3rd element of crime

Intention: a clear, malicious or wilful intention to commit the crime. This is this highest and usually the most difficult levels of mens rea for the prosecution to prove.

Recklessness: an intermediate level of intent. This means that the accused was aware that their action could lead to a crime being committed, but chose to take the risk anyway. (Manslaughter or Murder)

Criminal Negligence: where the accused fails to foresee the risk where they should have and so allows the avoidable danger to occur, usually resulting in harm to the death of another person that the accused has a duty to protect

Legal Oddities: Evidence found at a crime scene is usually contaminated and even unusable due to a number of uncontrolled variables, as well as criminals who try to conceal their work.

A chemical compound, glows blue when it comes into contact with the haemoglobin, even when the area has been washed before.

However, Luminol has a few negative features- the glow lasts only 30 seconds, the chemical reaction can destroy the evidence and it also reacts to the presence of copper, urine and horse radish.

Statements may come from victims of crimes, witnesses and offenders

Victim usually first to complain to police. Police will take statement. The police will listen to the statements, reduce it to writing, and have the witnesses read it and sign it as true.

Police will then approach the alleged offender and ask them to make a statement.

The alleged offender does not have to answer any questions asked by the police.

The fact that the alleged offender does answer any questions cannot be raised at trial

The police are required to tell a suspect they don't have to speak

A confession is the best type of oral evidence that can be collected by the police.

Ordinary citizens, at the request of the police, recording confessions of the offender

A special provision (PPRA) allows police to remove objects from a crime scene that may contain a fingerprint if there a chance is the object could be damaged or interfered with.

After establishing the crime scene the police must apply to a judge for a crime scene warrant

They can remove a wall or ceiling linings or floors of a building

They can seize anything that may provide evidence of the commission of an offence

Evidence found is bagged and sent off to scientific laboratories for examination

are less serious than criminal offences and max penalty is a fine.

Warrant- allows for the police to arrest a particular person and bring them to court/custody.

Summons- A formally written document issued by the court to the particular person after a criminal or civil complaint has been issued. The documents summons them to court on a particular date.