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Evolution of Major Programming Languages, Related Language, Danish…

- - - - Disadvantage
        No I/O in the specification.
- - - - BASIC was traditionally one of the most commonly used computer programming languages, considered an easy step for students to learn before more powerful languages. Its statements are easy to read by other programmers, and support is available on most operating systems
    - - Must provide fast turnaround for homework
      - Must be pleasant and friendly
      - Must allow free and private access
      - Must consider user time more important than computer time
      - Easy for nonscience students to learn & use
    - - Originally designed as an interactive mainframe timesharing language by John Kemeney and Thomas Kurtz in 1963 at Dartmouth College as a teaching tool for undergraduates.
    - - Decline
        
        By the mid-1980s, the mania for programming personal computers had subsided in the wake of running professional software created by others. Developers also had more options, such as the new computer languages of C and C++.
      - Rebirth
        
        VB (Visual Basic) written by Microsoft, in 1991, was based on BASIC and relied on some of its commands and structure, and proved valuable in many small business applications.
  - - - This system allows multiple users or processes to share usage of the CPU and memory. The timesharing monitor enforced strict limits on each user's CPU usage and memory, and the system used these resources very efficiently
    - - 1st May 1964 at 4.AM - First program using timeshared BASIC typed & run between two teletypes.
    - - There was little support for the number crunching that is so important in science and engineering
      - Every program had to be written locally.
- - - - APL was designed around 1960 by Kenneth E. Iverson at IBM.
        
        It was initially intended to be a vehicle for describing computer architecture.
        
        APL was first described in the book "A Programming Language" by Iverson in 1962.
        
        The first implementation of APL was developed at IBM in the mid-1960s.
    - - APL has dynamic typing and dynamic storage allocation.
        
        Variables in APL are essentially untyped and acquire a type when assigned a value.
        
        Storage is allocated to a variable only when it is assigned a value.
        
        APL has a large number of powerful operators that are specified with a large number of symbols.
    - - APL provides a large number of unit operations on arrays.
        
        The transpose of any matrix is done with a single operator in APL.
        
        APL's large collection of operators provides high expressivity but makes programs difficult to read.
    - - APL allows for very concise and expressive code.
        
        APL has powerful array processing capabilities.
        
        APL's syntax can be difficult to read and understand.
        
        Programs written in APL are often best used for "throw-away" purposes.
  - - - SNOBOL was designed in the early 1960s by D. J. Farber, R. E. Griswold, and I. P. Polonsky at Bell Laboratories.
        
        SNOBOL was designed specifically for text processing..
    - - SNOBOL is designed for string processing and manipulation.
        
        It was first released in 1962 and gained popularity among linguists, computer scientists, and other researchers who needed to work with strings and symbols.
        
        SNOBOL has a powerful pattern matching capability, which allows users to easily manipulate and extract information from strings using regular expressions and other string-matching tools.
    - - SNOBOL has a variety of operators for manipulating strings, including concatenation, substring extraction, and pattern matching.
        
        SNOBOL's pattern matching operators are particularly powerful, allowing users to search for complex patterns in strings using regular expressions and other advanced techniques.
        
        SNOBOL's syntax is designed to be expressive and easy to read, making it well-suited for string processing tasks.
    - - SNOBOL has a powerful pattern matching capability, making it well-suited for tasks that involve complex string processing.
        
        SNOBOL's syntax is simple and easy to learn, making it a good choice for beginners or for quick string-processing tasks.
        
        SNOBOL is primarily designed for string processing, so it may not be the best choice for tasks that involve other types of data or calculations.
        
        SNOBOL's pattern matching syntax can be difficult to read and understand for those who are not familiar with regular expressions and other string-matching techniques.
    - - Comparison of APL and SNOBOL
        
        APL and SNOBOL have similar characteristics in terms of dynamic typing and storage allocation.
        
        APL and SNOBOL differ in their primary application areas and the operations they provide.
      - Influence of APL and SNOBOL on other programming languages
        
        J is based on APL.
        
        ICON is based on SNOBOL.
        
        AWK is partially based on SNOBOL.
        
        APL and SNOBOL did not have much influence on later mainstream languages.
- - - - SIMULA 67 is an extension of ALGOL 60, taking both block structure and control statements from that language.
      - SIMULA 67 makes up for the primary deficiency in ALGOL 60, by having coroutines and classes.
        
        Coroutines: subprograms that can be restarted where it stopped, because the caller and called subprograms have an equal relationship.
        
        Classes: concept of data abstraction
    - - SIMULA I was design for system simulation and implemented in 1964 on a UNIVAC 1107 Computer.
      - After SIMULA I has completed, new features are added and some modifying had been done and the result is SIMULA 67.
      - Developed by Kristen Nygaard and Ole-Johan Dahl between 1962 and 1964 at Norwegian Computing Center (NCC) in Oslo.
- - - - :star: Some other nonimperative approaches, programs written in logic languages thus far have proven to be highly inefficient relative to equivalent imperative programs.
      - :star: It has been determined that it is an effective approach for only a few relatively small areas of application: certain kinds of database management systems and some areas of AI.
- - - - The addition of concurrency enhances the scope applications that can be written in the language as do the class libraries for:
        -Graphical user interfaces
        -Database access
        -Database networking
        
        The intial version of the Java Interpreter called the Java Virtual Machine(JVM)
        
        The most recent version of Java is Java 7 appeared in 2011
        
        Since its beginning many features have been added to the language,including an enumeration class,generics and a new iteration construct
- - - - Niklaus Wirth
        
        C.A.R. ("Tony") Hoare
        
        • Wirth and Hoare presenting to the International Federation of Information (IFIP) Working Group 2.1, a somewhat modest proposal for additions and modifications to ALGOL 60
        
        • The majority of the group rejected the proposal as being too small an improvemetn over ALGOL 60
        
        • The Wirth and Hoare version of ALGOL 60 was named ALGOL-W. It was implemented at Stanford University and was used primarily as an instructional vehicle, but only at a few universities.
        
        • Primary contributions of ALGOL-W were the value result method of passing parameters and the case statement for multiple selection.
      - 1971
        
        • Pascal was named after Blaise Pascal, a seventeenth-century French philosopher and mathematician who invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642
        
        • The features that are often ascribed to Pascal in fact came from earlier languages.
        
        • For examples, user-defined data types were introduced in ALGOL 68, the case statement in ALGOL-W, and Pascal’s records are similar to those of COBOL and PL/L
        
        • Pascal originally published in 1971 by Niklaus Wirth
  - - - Features of the Pascal :
        👾 Strongly typed language.
        👾 Offers extensive error checking.
        👾 Offers several data types like arrays,records, files and etc.
        👾 Offers a variety of programming structures.
        👾 Supports structured programming through functions and procedures.
        👾 Supports object-oriented programming.
      - Advantages
        
        ✔️The syntax of the language is easy.
        Allows to quickly learn the language,write understandable commands in English and so on.It takes work to read the code written in it.
        ✔️The language is well structured.
        Allows to perfectly teach the programmers to correctly design , write code and get used to following program rules.
        ✔️Allows to use different approaches in programming
        Can use classes and object-oriented programming(with 2 mechanisms of polymorphic calling : classic : virtual and dynamic) and can use procedural programming with records,constants and variables.
      - Disadvantages
        
        ❗Programming environments do not have automatic garbage collection and cleaning.
        ❗There are fewer ready-made open-soutce projects and libraries on the network and there are many places where can get the necessary libraties and source codes.