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Lymphatic/Immune System Priscilla Anzaldo P2 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System
Priscilla Anzaldo P2
major functions of the lymphatic and Immune System
immune system: provides resistance to disease
lymphatic: returns fluid leaked from blood vessels back to blood via lymphatic vessels
location/ function of lymphatic organs
spleen: largest lymphoid organ
site of lymphatic proliferation, immune surveillance/ response, cleanses blood of old blood cells and platelets
located in left side of abdomen cavity below stomach
tonsils: simple lymphoid organ
palatine tonsils: at posterior end of oral cavity
lingual tonsil: lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue
pharyngeal tonsil: located in posterior wall of nasopharynx
tonsillar crypts: bacteria enters the crypts and destroyed
thymus: bilobed lymphoid organ found in inferior neck
functions as lymphoid organs where T cells mature
broken into lobules
lymph nodes: principal secondary lymphoid organs of body
cleansing the lymph (filters), preventing unwanted substances from being delivered to blood
immune system activation
purpose and examples of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd line of defense
1st line of defense
intact skin epidermis: physical skin barrier makes skin acidic to inhibit bacterial growth
intact mucous membranes: traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts, filter traps nasal passages
2nd line of defense
phagocytes
natural killer cells
inflammatory response
antimicrobial proteins
fever
3rd line of defense: attacks particular foreign substance
Innate/ Adaptive Immune defenses
Innate (non specific)
constitues 1st and 2nd line of defense
1st line of defense: external body membranes (skin and mucosae), productive chemical that inhibit or destroy microorganisms
acid: acidity of skin and some mucus secretions inhibits growth; acid mantle
enzymes:lysosome of saliva, respiratory mucus, lacrimal fluid, kills microorganisms
mocin: sticky mucus that lines digestive/ respiratory tract, traps microorganisms
surface membrane barriers include: intact skin epidermis, acid mantle of skin, keratin, intact mucous membranes, mucus, nasal hair, cilia, gastric juice, acid mantle in vagina, tears/ saliva, urine
2nd line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, natural killer cells, fever inflammation
phagocytes : white blood cells that ingest digest foreign invaders
neutrophils: most abundant phagocytes, die fighting, become phagocytic when exposed to infected material
macrophages: develop from monocytes
adaptive (specific)
3rd line of defense attacks particular foreign substances
humoral immunity: b cells
cellular immunity: T cells ( provide defense against intracellular antigens)
CD4 cells: turn into t helper cells or regulatory T cells moderate immune response
CD8 Cells: become cytotoxic T cells can become memory T cells
humoral/ cellular response
humoral
antibodies produced by lymphocytes circulate in body fluids
bind to target cells temporarily
mark for destruction
cellular
lymphocytes re against taret cell
killing infected cell directly/ indirectly
killing indirectly: releasing chemicals enhancing inflammatory response
antigens and antibodies
antigens: substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
self antigens: cells covered with variety of proteins located on surface, not antigenic to self, may be antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
MHC Proteins: group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances
APCs: Don't respond to specific antigens, essential auxiliary roles in immunity
antibodies: Proteins secreted by plasma cells, Capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
inactivate antigens
Neutralization: Antibodies block specific sites on viruses/ bacterial exotoxins
Precipitation: Soluble molecules are cross linked into complexes
Complement fixation: several antibodies on same antigen, complement-binding sites on their stem regions are aligned
artificial vs. naturally acquired immunity
artificial
injection of antibodies or dead pathogen to create antigens
protection is immediate but ends shortly after antibodies die
naturally acquired
antibodies either passed from mother or acquired when in contact with pathogen
formed in response to actual viral or bacterial infection
passive vs. active immunity
passive
naturally acquired: antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta or breastfeeding
occurs when ready- made antibodies are introduced into body
artificially acquired: injection of antibodies (vaccine)
active
naturally acquired: injections, contact with pathogen
artificially acquired: vaccine with dead or attentuted pathogen
occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
cells involved with immune system and their functions
phagocytes: white blood cells that ingest digest foreign invaders
neutrophils: most abundant phagocytes, die fighting, become phagocytic when exposed to infectious material
macrophages: develop from monocytes "eat the pathogen"
natural killer cells (NK): nonphagocytic lymphocytes that can kill cancer or virus infected cells before adaptive immune system activated
disorders associated with immune system
Enterobiasis: white parasitic worm that lives in large intestine in human
cause/ risk factors: swalloing infected pinworm eggs, triggers immune system, travels through anal area
symptoms: itching around anal/ vaginal area, rash, abdominal pain
treatment: medication, washing hands, good hygiene practice
Malaria: feverish illness spread through infected female mosquito bites
causes/ risk factors: fatal, pregnant women and children are at higher risk, may lead to kidney failure
symptoms: high fever, shaking, headache
treatment: depends on severity/age, vaccine, artemether
toxoplamosis: foodborne illness
causes/ risk factors: eating under cooked meat/ shell fish, toxoplasma lives in tissue, can cause lung disease
symptoms: muscle aches, fever, nausea
treatment: antibiotics, drugs, can be cured without treatment
cholera: dirraheal illness, extremely vurulent
causes/ risk factors: vibro cholera infected water or food, type O blood at higer risk, transmitted by feces
symptoms: nausea, loss of appetite, leg cramping
treatment: replacement of lost fluid/ salt oral hydration, vaccine
Hepatitis B: vaccine preventable liver infection caused by Hepatitis B infection
causes/ risk factors: spread by blood, semen, or other bodily fluid, affects liver, HBV women at higher risk
symptoms: nausea, loss of apetite, abdominal pain
treatment options: liver transport, interferon injection, Hepatitis B vaccine
Polio: disabling/ fatal virus infecting spinal cord
causes/ risk factors: caused from person to person contact, lives in throat, transmitted through contaminated food/ water
symptoms: paralysis, fever, menigitis
treatment: no cure, physical therapy for paralysis, OPU vaccine
Tuberculosis: disease caused by germs, spread through person- to- person contact/ airborne
causes/ risk factors: airborne, can cause HIV, bacteria attacks kidney, spine, and/or brain
symptoms: chest pain, chills/ fever, coughing blood
treatment: 4 months of rifapentine, 6-9 months of RIPE treatment, enthambutol
Hand, Foot, and mouth disease: mild contageous viral infection
causes/ risk factors: fluid from blisters, kissing, affects CNS
symptoms: skin rash, mouth sores, fever.
treatment: antibiotics, drinking plenty of fluids, MMR vaccine
measles : viral respiratory illness that is highly contagious
causes/ risk factors: weak immune system higher risk, may lead to pneumonia, may cause ear infection
symptoms: high fever, rash, red watery eyes
treatment: antibiotics, drinking plenty of fluids, MMR vaccine
Haemophilus Influenza Type B : type of bacteria, affects nervous system
causes/risk factors: common in children under five, adults, 65 or older at higher risk, transmitted through sneezing close in proximity
symptoms: ear, infection, pneumonia, meningitis
treatment: antibiotics,Hib vaccine, breathing support
Chicken Pox : highly contagious disease caused by VZV
causes/ risk factors: transmitted through direct contact with a person with chickenpox, and causes bacterial infection on the skin, pregnant woman at higher risk
symptoms: fever, scabs, pink red bumps on skin
treatment: medication, skin lotion, vaccine
Menigitis: inflammation in the meninges, covering brain and spinal cord
symptoms: fever, stiff neck, nausea
cause/risk factors: children under 15 higher risk, may lead to measles, sex CNS
treatment: no specific treatment, antiviral medication, isolation
tetanus: infection caused by clostridium tetani producing lockjaw
causes/ risk factors : transmitted through wounds, contaminated with dirt, feces, and saliva, 1-2 in 10 cases fatal, puncture wounds from nail and needle
symptoms: jaw cramping, involuntary muscle stiffness, change in blood pressure and heart rate
treatment: DTAP, vaccine antibiotics, aggressive, wound care
small pox : serious, infectious disease caused by variola virus
causes/ risk factors: variola virus leads to, pregnant, women, and children at higher risk of transmitted, through contamination of clothing
symptoms: fever, muscle aches, skin rash
treatment: no, effective treatment, antiviral, drugs, vaccine
pertussis : easily spreadable, respiratory disease caused by bacteria, Bordetella pertussis
causes/ risk factors: airborne pregnant women at higher risk affects respiratory system
treatment: 00, antibiotics humidifiers DTaP vaccine
symptoms: common cold, runny nose difficulty breathing
rubella: contagious disease caused by rubella pathogens affecting skin and lymph nodes
causes / risk factors: transmitted through direct contact babies and children at higher risk rubella pathogen is RNA virus
symptoms: headache, runny nose, swollen lymph nodes
treatment: no treatment, bed rest or fever medicine, MMR vaccine