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Lymphatic/ Immune System Monica Robles Period. 5 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/ Immune System
Monica Robles
Period. 5
Innate (natural) immune defense and Adaptive (acquired) immune defense
Adaptive Immune Defenses
system that eliminates any pathogen or abnormal cell in body
Characteristics:
specific
systemic
has memory
Two Branches:
1. Humoral Immunity
antibodies made by lymphocytes and circulate freely in body fluids temporarily binding to target cells, making it for destruction
2. Cellular immunity
lymphocytes that act against target cells, directly kills infected cells
indirectly releases chemicals, enhancing inflammatory responses
activates lymphocytes or macrophages
Innate Immune Defenses
body's 1st and 2nd line of defense
against all germs entering the body
First line of defense
(physical barrier): external body membrane
skin & mucous membranes
Function
: produce protective chemicals, inhibit/destroy microorganisms
Second line of defense
: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
Function
: inhibit the spread of invaders
Major functions
of the Lymphatic
and Immune System
Lymphatic Major functions:
returns fluid leaked from blood vessels back into the blood
; consists of 3 parts
Network of Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph fluid in vessels
Lymph Nodes: cleanse lymph
Lymph organs and tissues function:
- provides a structural basis of immune system by housing phagocytic cells and lymphocytes
Immune System functions:
- provides resistance to diseases
Antigens and Antibodies
Antigens
- Substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
Target of all adaptive immune responses
Characteristics:
can complete an antigen or hapten
contains antigenic determinants
can be a self-antigen
Function
: stimulates an immune response by activating leukocytes that fight disease
Antibodies
(Immunoglobins) - bind to antigens that are detected by B cells
has structure of T and Y-shaped antibody monomer consists of 4 polypeptide chains that loop
has 2 heavy chains & 2 light chains
- Antibody classes consist of:
IgM Pentamer
- readily activates complement
IgA Dimer
- stop pathogens from attaching to epithelial cell surfaces
IgD Monomer
- B cell antigen receptor
IgG monomer
- readily activates complement
IgE monomer
- binds to mast cells, triggers a release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammation
Function
: Antibodies do not destroy antigens: they inactivate and tag them from antigen-antibody complexes
defense mechanisms used by antibodies:
Neutrilization
- MOST IMPORTANT- prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
Agglutination
- allows for antigen-antibody complexes to become cross-linked into large lattice-like clumps- "agglutination"
Precipitation
- make one insoluble product, the precipitate
Complement fixation
- MAIN antibody defense- when several antibodies are bound close together on the same antigen, complement-binding sites on their stem regions are aligned
Purpose and examples of First,
Second, and Third line of defense
2nd line of defense
antimicrobal proteins, phagocites and other cellls
ex
. Phagocytes, Natural Killer Cells, inflammation, Antimicrobal proteins, Fever
Functions
: fights against pathogens entering the body
3rd line of defense
Hormonal Immunity -- B Cells
Cellular Immunity -- T Cells
ex. deeper tissue and cells
Functions
: attacks specific foregin substances
1st line of defense
external body membrane
ex
. skin, mucous membrane
Function
: fight against pathogens entering the body
Humoral responce and Cellular responce
Humoral Response
when B cell encounters target antigen, causes humoral response
deals with antigens from pathogens around infected cells
Specific antibodies made for a specific antigens
Cellular Response
destruction of infected cells by CD8
destruction of pathogens by macrophages
T Cells:
provide defense by intracellular antigens
some directly kill cells while others
some release chemicals, regulates immune responses
CD4 cells (helper T cells) - activate B cells, T cells, and Macrophages
CD8 cells (Cytotoxic T cells) - destroy cells
Location of Lymphatic
organ and their functions
Spleen
Function
: Cleanses body and removes aged or defective RBC's; site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation; stores platelets, monocytes and iron
Location
: Left hand side of abdomen - between 9-11th rib
Thymus
Function
: Site for T-Cell maturation
Location
: Superior surface of heart
Lymph Node
Location
: Neck, Armpits, Groin Region
Function
: Cleanse Lymph; site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Tonsils
Function
: stops germs from entering the body through the mouth or nose
Location
: back of the throat behind soft plate
Peyer's Patches
Function
: keeps intestinal fluids at appropriate levels; keeps pathogens at bay
Location
: walls of small intestine
Red Bone Marrow
Function
: acts as major hematopoietic tissue; produce erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Location
: Flat Bones- ribs, sternum, pelvis, vertebrae, epiphyses, and femor
Cells involved in the immune
system and their functions
Macrophages
(Type of white blood cell) - surrounds & kills microorganisms, stimulating the action of other immune cells
Natural Killer Cells
(non-Phagocytic) - large granular lymphocytes, patrol blood and lymph, can kill cancer before adaptive immune system is activated - apoptosis
B Cells
(type of WBC's) - make antibodies, develop in bone marrow
Neutrophils
(most common version of Phagocyte) - die fighting
T Cells
- made in red bone marrow, develop in thymus, help protect body from infection, help fight cancer
Phagocytes
(white blood cells) - eat foreign invaders
Dendritic Cells
- found in tissues, boost immune responses by showing antigens on their surface
Memory Cells
- patrol area, makes immune system work faster the next time
CD4
(Helper T Cells) - become helper T cells, help B cells, T cells, and other adaptive immune responses
CD8
( cytotoxic T Cells) - become Cytotoxic T cells, destroy cells that harbor antigens, directly attacks/kills other cells
Reticular Cells
(type of fibroblast) - produce reticular fibers, stroma, in lymphoid organs
Disorders associated with
the immune system
Hepatitus B
liver infection by the Hepatitus B virus
Tetanus
bacterial infection that causes painful muscle contraction in one's neck and jaw making it hard to open mouth or swallow
Meningitus -
bacterial and virus
inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
Pinworm infection
small round worm called Enterotoius venculari's that lives in large intestine
Toxoplasmosis
an infection with a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii
Hand, Foot and Mouth disease
illness that's from a vairiety of viruses affecting hands, feet and mouths
Polio Disease
a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by poliovirus
Measles
highly contagious airborn viral disease evolved from rinderpest
small pox
contagious disease caused by the variola virus
Cholera
an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with Vibrio cholerae bacteria
Pertussis
- "whooping cough"
highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis
Rubella
- "Red Rash"
contagious disease caused by a virus
Vancella
highly contageous vial infection causing an itchy, blister-like rash on the skin
Haemophilus Influenzae
illness caused by bacteria called H. influenzae
Tuberculosis
a disease caused by germs that are spread from person to person through the air
Malaria
life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificial Immunity
response to a dead pathogen.
Ex.
Passive Imminity
- antibodies that were passed from mother to baby
Vaccines
Naturally Acquired Immunity
made in response to exposure to virus or bacteria
Ex.
getting sick and resieve an injection serum that provides protection.
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active Immunity
- first encountered antigens adapt
Occurs
: when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
2 types:
Naturally Acquired
: Infection contact with pathogens - IMMUNITY
Artificially Acquired
: Vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens- MEDICATED
Passive Immunity
- re-encountered antigens adapt
Occurs
: when ready-made antibodies are introduced in to the body
2 types:
Naturally Acquired
: Antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta
Artificially Acquired
: injection of serum