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Immune System by Adrian Leandro - Coggle Diagram
Immune System by Adrian Leandro
First, Second, Third Line of Defense
First line of defense: external body membranes (skin & mucous membrane)
Physical barrier to most microorganisms
Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers
Acid: acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth; called acid mantle
Enzymes: lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms; enzymes in stomach kill many microorganisms
Mucin: sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms
Second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
Phagocytes
Natural killer (NK) cells
Inflammatory response (macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals)
Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins)
Fever
Third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances
Humoral Immunity (B cells)
Cellular Immunity (T cells)
Immune Defenses
Innate(nonspecific)
First line of defense: surface barriers
Second line of defense: cells and chemicals
Many second-line cells have pattern recognition receptors; bind tightly to structures on microbes and disarm them
Adaptive(specific)
a specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in body
If it is specific it'll recognize and target specific antigens
If it is systemic it is not restricted to initial site
If it has memory it mounts an even stronger attack to “known” antigens
Location/Function of Lymphatic Organs
Primary lymphoid organs: areas where T and B cells mature—red bone marrow and thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs: areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated
Spleen: Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response -Cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets; macrophages remove debris Located in left side of abdominal cavity
MALT: Protects from pathogens trying to enter body
Tonsils
Function:to gather and remove pathogens in food or air Location: Form ring of lymphatic tissue around pharynx
Peyer’s patches
clusters of lymphoid follicles in wall of distal portion of small intestine Function: Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall. Generate “memory” lymphocytes
Appendix
Offshoot of first part of large intestine. Same function as Peyer's patches
Thymus
bilobed lymphoid organ found in inferior neck. Functions as lymphoid organ where T cells mature
Major Functions
Immune
Defends the body from disease-causing organisms or cancerous cells
Lymphatic
Returns leaked fluid to the blood; lymphoid organs and tissues provide the anatomical basis for the body's defenses
Humoral & Cellular Response
When B cell encounters target antigen, it provokes humoral immune response
– Antibodies specific for that particular antigen are then produced
T cells provide defense against intracellular antigens
some T cells directly kill cells; others release chemicals that regulate immune response
Antigens & Antibodies
Antigen
substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
Antibody
proteins secreted by plasma cells
Artificial vs Natural Acquired Immunity
Active
Naturally acquired: antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artificially acquired: injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
Passive
Naturally acquired: formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired: formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Humoral Immunity
Passive
occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
Naturally acquired: antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artificially acquired: injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
Active
occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce
specific antibodies against them
Naturally acquired: formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired: formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Cells In The Immune System
Phagocytes: White blood cells that eat foreign invaders.
Neutrophils: Is a version of Phagocytes and is the most common type, but Instead of eating they often die fighting.
Macrophages: is a type of WBC's that surrounds and kills microorganisms and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.
Natural Killer cells: These is nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that polices blood and lymph. NK can kill cancer before the adaptive immune system is activated and these cells kill by apoptosis
B cells: a type of white blood cell that make antibodies and develop in Red Bone Marrow.
T cells: made in the red bone marrow, but develop in the thymus they help protect the body from infection and help fight cancer.
Dendritic cells: Dendritic cells are found in tissues and boost immune responses by showing antigens on their surface to other cells of the immune system.
Memory cells: Memory Cells are used to patrol the area and make the immune system work faster the next time.
CD4 (helper T cells): CD4 cells often became helper t cells. CD4 cells can activate B cells, T cells, and other adaptive immune responses. Lastly. They help activate B cells and other T cells.
CD8 (cytotoxic T cells): CDB cells become Cytotoxic T cells and can destroy cells that harbor foreign antigens. It Directly attacks and kills other cells.
Rencular cells: Reticular cells are a type of fibroblast that produces reticular fibers. So general they produce reticular fibers called stroma in lymphoid organs
Disorders
Polio
HFMD
Measles
Small Pox
Choleria
Pinworm infection
Hepatitis B
Rubella