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INTER GOVERMENTAL ORGANISATIONS AND CONVENTIONS - Coggle Diagram
INTER GOVERMENTAL ORGANISATIONS AND CONVENTIONS
UNITED NATIONS
UN FOCUS
○ Human rights
○ Peace & serenity
○ Social advancement
MDG The UN attempted to achieve these goals by creating the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s). The MDGs were put into place as a framework for development for emerging countries and for developed countries to provide assistance.
FRAMWORK FROM 2000-2015
○ Eradicate Poverty and Hunger
○ Universal Primary Education
○ Combat AIDs, HIV, Malaria and other diseases
○ Develop Global Partnerships for Development
○ Promote Gender Equality
○ Reduce Infant Mortality
○ Improve Maternal Health
○ Encourage Environmental Sustainability
ISSUES
○ To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - People living on $1.25 has halved - 1 in 8 still remain in hunger and malnourishment
○ To achieve universal primary education - Dramatic increase in enrollment and government encouragement - ⅙ people are illiterate of which ⅔ are women
○ To ensure environmental sustainability - 1.9 billion more people have access to drinking water - Climate Change still remains a threat
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS The MDG’s were replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 to encourage sustained social development. There were more goals created (17 in total compared to 8 previously)
UNIVERSIAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
● 30 articles set out in 1948 based on the rights of freedom & justice
● Has become the basis of International Law and countries are expected to adhere to all of the articles, not just the ones that suit their society
● Authoritarian countries - which limit personal freedom - have limited human rights with the existence of slavery (Mauritania) and female discrimination (Saudi Arabia)
● The UDHR has been criticised as favouring Western values and forcibly trying to change other traditional cultures
● Whilst developed countries now focus on social and political advancement, developing and emerging countries state that their economic development is more important, as developed countries had the chance to develop without restrictions.
EUROPEAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
EUROPEAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS European Court of Human Rights developed ECHR as a follow on to the UDHR with similar aims to promote democracy, integration & freedom. 59 articles of which there are 47 signatories to promote unity in Europe
NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY Some believe that it undermines national sovereignty with the European Court overruling the decision of the national courts, such as:
○ Deportation of political prisoners
○ Abortion laws
○ Surveillance & Intelligence decisions
BRITISH BILLING RIGHTS With countries claiming it negatively impacts their sovereignty, several countries have drafted their own rights laws. The UK suggested the British Bill of Rights in 2015
○ Would bring European law into UK constitution
○ Issues of terrorism plans would be resolved
○ An alternative when the UK leaves the EU
GENEVA CONVENTION The Geneva Convention is a set of international rules that apply in war situations that protect
Ratified into international law by 196 states worldwide including Russia, Iraq & North Korea. The UN Security Council is ultimately the final decision maker on any complaints or incidents. Countries have been known to break the Geneva Conventions by torturing and interrogating prisoners of war, including British soldiers interrogating PoW’s in Iraq in 2006.
○ Civilians
○ Wounded armed forces
○ Prisoners of war
○ Shipwrecked navy forces
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO HUMAN RIGHTS
● Social progression in the West has created a focus on civil and political rights (the right to vote, freedom in speech & free movement)
● Attitudes in the east and communist countries still focus on the priority of economic and cultural rights (Beliefs in the right to work and ability to be housed)
● Different countries & populations will have different viewpoints depending on the progression of their country. Many developing/emerging countries can choose to prioritise economic stability as well as political security.
● Globalised communication is making detrimental attitudes to human rights more prevalent in the news which creates public pressure for governments to act and intervene.
● Authoritarian & Democratic countries have differing attitudes to the protection of human rights.