Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Emely Casillas period 1 Lymphatic/Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Emely Casillas period 1 Lymphatic/Immune System
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Lymphatic
Lymphatic vessels collect and carry away excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces, eventually returning it to the blood
Lymph nodes, which are situated along lymphatic vessels,
contain lymphocytes, which help defend body against disease
main functions include protecting your body from illness-causing invaders, maintaining body fluid levels, absorbing digestive tract fats and removing cellular waste
immune
immune system manufactures antibodies called autoantibodies , and cytotoxic T cells, against some of its own antigens
main functions of the immune system include protecting the body against foreign pathogens; removing dead or damaged tissues and cells; recognizing and removing abnormal "self" cells.
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
lymph node
filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes that help the body fight infection and disease.
thymus
responsible for the development of t lymphocytes which orchestrate adaptive immune responses
spleen
fights any invading germs in the blood, controls the level of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
lymphatic vessels
drains fluid (called lymph) that has leaked from the blood vessels into the tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream via the lymph nodes
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
first line of defense
serves as a barrier to invasion and the structures include the skin, gut, lungs, and eyes/ nose
the body's first line of defense against germs entering the body
second line of defense
nonspecific resistance that destroys invaders in a generalized way without targeting specific individuals
These include neutrophils (PMNs), eosinophils, and basophils
third line of defense
specific resistance
relies on antigens, which are specific substances found in foreign microbes
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate (nonspecific) defenses
Guard against many types of pathogens; respond quickly
defenses
mechanical barriers
Prevent the entry of certain pathogens by providing a physical
separation of pathogens and internal tissues
first line of defense, includes hair, mucus, and sweat
chemical barriers
Acidic environment provided by HCl in gastric juice is lethal to
some pathogens
Enzymes, such as pepsin in the stomach and lysozyme in tears,
destroy many pathogens
natural killer cells
Defend the body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances called perforins which break apart cell membranes of pathogens
inflammation
stop the spread of pathogens and infection
characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain (tissue response to injury or infection)
phagocytosis
Engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, and
debris
fever
provides a hostile environment for pathogens that
reproduce best under normal human conditions
Phagocytic cells attack with greater vigor when the temperature
rises
they are species resistant based on chemical environments, body temp, and presence or absence of receptors
Adaptive (specific) defenses or immunity
Immunity (adaptive immune defenses)
Third line of defense against pathogens
Response by the body against specific pathogens, their toxins or
metabolic products
Antigens
Can be any large molecules that that can trigger an immune
response
T cells
Provides cellular immune response in which T cells interactdirectly with the antigens or antigen-bearing agents, to destroy them
B cells
Provides humoral immune response in which B cells interact indirectly producing antibodies that destroy the antigens or antigen-bearing agents
Humoral response and cellular response
humoral response
mediated by antibody molecules that are secreted by plasma cells
B cells are principally responsible for this method.
cell-mediated
unlike humoral immunity, does not rely on antibodies to perform adaptive immunological activities
T cells are the main drivers of cell-mediated immunity.
Cell-mediated immunity is activated when cells in the body are infected by a virus, bacterium, or fungus
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens
Can be any large molecules that that can trigger an immune
response
Before birth, the body makes an inventory of “self” antigens
Immune response is directed against “nonself” molecules,
which are usually large and complex foreign molecules
Antbodies
3 methods by which antibodies react to antigens
Direct attack
by agglutination, precipitation, or neutralization of
antigens these methods make antigens more susceptible to
phagocytosis
Activation of complement
results in opsonization, chemotaxis,
inflammation, agglutination,neutralization, alteration, or lysis
of antigens or antigen-bearing cells
Inflammation
Stimulation of local inflammatory changes in the
area, that helps prevent the spread of the pathogens
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
artificial
Artificially acquired active immunity occurs through the use of vaccines,without the person becoming ill from the disease;
Artificially acquired passive immunity involves the injection of gamma globulins containing antibodies or antiserum
natural
Naturally acquired active immunity occurs after exposure to the antigen
Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus
Passive vs. Active immunity
Passive immunity
obtained by receiving antibodies; since there is no antigen contact and no immune response occurs, no memory B cells are produced (short-term immunity)
Naturally acquired passive immunity
occurs as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus; this is short-term immunity,due to lack of an immune response and lack of memory B cell formation
Artificially acquired passive immunity
involves the injection of gamma globulins containing antibodies or antiserum; this is short-term, because there was no antigen exposure, no immune response, and no memory B cells produced
Active immunity
obtained through antigen exposure; an immune response occurs in the person, in which antibodies and memory B cells are produced (long-lasting immunity)
Naturally acquired active immunity
occurs after exposure to the antigen; long-term resistance results due to the events of a primary immune response (memory B cells are produced)
Artificially acquired active immunity
occurs through the use of vaccines, without the person becoming ill from the disease
since vaccines contain weakened or dead pathogens, person develops long-term immunity, due to an immune response that includes memory B cell formation
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Cytokines
affect the growth of all blood cells and other cells that help the body's immune and inflammation responses
T cells
are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. They help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer
B cells
are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow, they are a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies
Lymphocytes
are white blood cells uniform in appearance but varied in function and include T, B, and natural killer cells
Natural killers
control several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage.
macrophages
are a type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells
phagocytes
eliminate pathogenic bacteria, fungi and malignant cells, and contribute to adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to lymphocytes.
antigen
is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it
Antibodies
are proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body.
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Chicken pox
: a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
pin worm infection
: causes itching around the anus which can lead to difficulty sleeping/ restlessness
Tetanus
: bacteria enters body, they produce toxins that cause painful muscle contraction
malaria
: parasites that feed off on humans
pertussis (whopping cough
): a highly contagious respiratory tract infection that is easily preventable by vaccine
rubella
: a contagious disease caused by the RUV virus
cholera
: an acute diarrhea illness caused by infection of the intestine with vibre cholea bacteria
small pox
: a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus
meningitis
: an inflammation (swelling) of the proactive membranes covering the brain and spinal chord
toxoplasmosis
: an infection with a parasite called toxoplasia gondii
tuberculosis
: a bacterial disease that spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets
poliomyelitis
: a disabling and life threatening disease caused by the polio virus
measles
: an acute viral respiratory illness
Hand foot mouth disease
: contagious viral infection common in young children