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Lilibeth Ovalle P2 Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Lilibeth Ovalle P2 Immune System
Disorders (4 exs)
Polio
: Disabling life threatening party that affects the spinal cord.
Causes
- Usually infected through direct contact/ enters through mouth
Symptoms
- Paralysis, fever, sore throat
Treatment
- Physical therapy, Vaccine
Hepatitis B:
Liver infection spread through bodily fluids
Causes
- Blood, semen, other infected fluids
Symptoms
- Fever, Nausea, abdominal pain
Treatment
- Liver transplant, antiviral meds
Haemophilus Influenza Type B
- Causes serious infections.
Causes
- Respiratory droplets, more prevalent in children
Symptoms
- Pnuemonia, meningitis
Treatment
- Bed rest, vaccine, over-counter meds
Tetanus
: Infection which can lead to lock jaw
Causes
- Infection through open wounds, dental infection
Symptoms
- Fever, jaw cramping
Treatment
- Antibiotics, tetanus vaccine
Major functions
Immune System function
Fights disease causing pathogens, like germs, bacteria, viruses
Keeps memory of any pathogens to quickly destroy it if it ever enters again
Lymphatic system functions
maintains fluid levels in our body tissues by removing all fluids that leak out of our blood vessels
absorbing digestive tract fats
Removes cellular waste
Lymphatic organs
Spleen
: Just above the stomach. It filters blood and makes white blood cells to protect you from infection.
Thymus
: Right below the throat. It is responsible for housing and supporting maturing T-Cells.
Tonsils
: Back of throat. Prevents germs from going through to the rest of the body
Lymph nodes:
Filters cell waste, dead cells, etc that travel through lymphatic fluid. Contains lymphocytes
Adenoids:
Between the nose and back of the throat. Traps germs and becteria
Skin
: First line of defense in the immune system. Non specific
Bone marrow:
Site of B-Cell maturation
Antigens and Antibodies
Antigens
: Markers that indicate that they are a foreign substance and causes your body to produce antibodies against it.
Antibodies
: They patrol the system and mark any antigens as a signal for other cells and toxins to kill this cell. They lock onto specific antigens though.
Lines of defense
1st line of defense
- Non specific and Innate. Meant to prevent any germs from entering
Examples: The skin, mucous membrane, secretions of skins
2nd line of defense
- Non specific and innate . Kills and disposes of any foreign substances. Examples: Macrophages, Basil Cells, Mast cells. Fever
3rd line of defense
- Specific and Adaptive. Produces immune response and remembers any pathogen that enters. Examples: Lymphocytes, antibodies, memory cells
Innate immune responses vs adaptive
Innate
: This immune response is a quick solution to preventing pathogens and germs from entering the body or just eliminates them entirely. Immune responses typically include fevers and coughs to unspecific ally fight off pathogens (2nd line of defense) while hair, skin, and mucous membranes prevent germs from entering
Adaptive
: This immune response is very specific to each antigen that is presented. It doesn't fight off all germs, it targets only one that is identified by B lymphocytes. Once identified, the T-cells can be primmed and beginning cloning millions of cell all meant for combating that same antigen. Immune responses might be swelling, pus, and pain.
Humoral and cell mediated Immunity
Humoral
: Humoral immunity is an adaptive kind of response. It produces antigen specific antibodies, which are typically driven by B cells. Once an antibody manages to recognize it's target, it binds to it and can either kill the cell itself or kill for the assistance of other killer cells.
Cell mediated
: Cell mediated responses rely purely on T cells. The t cells detect antigens by looking for an MHC 1 protein which are membrane bound and tell them if they are dangerous or not. Once bound, the naive T-cell can mature into a helper t-cell or killer t-cell.
Artificially vs Naturally acquired immunity.
Artificially
: This kind of immunity is active or passive. . In active artificial immunity, antibodies are made by vaccines. While in Passive artificial immunity, antibodies are directly given to you.
Naturally
: This kind of immunity is active or passive as well. Natural active immunity acquired after being exposed to an infection. Your body naturally make the antibodies. While Passive natural immunity is specifically passed down by a mother to her baby.
Passive Vs Active immunity
Passive immunity
: Usually when antibodies are given to use through someone or something else. Our bodies do not create them
Active immunity
: Active immunity is when our body has a reaction to antigens and creates its own antibodies to defend itself.
Cells involved
Non specific
Macrophages
: They ingest dead bacteria or infected cells and present those antigens
Natural killer cells:
Binds to cancer cells or virus cells and kill them by inserting granules
Neutrophils
: Lymphocyte which ingests any bacteria and releases cytokines to kill them. They are the most common cells
Dendritic cells
: Ingest antigen infested cells and presents them to start a response.
Mast cells
: Contains chemicals like histamine to kill off any germs. Typically 1st to respond.
Basophils
: Releases chemicals and can induce inflammation through certain chemicals
Eosinophils
: Participates in allergic reactions and kills virus infected cells
Specific
B cells-
located in bone marrow. Their main job is to produce antibodies ot bind to antigens and alert the rest of the body. They can mature into memory cells
T cells
- Mature in the thymus. They mature into Helper t-cells which activates b-cells into producing antibodies and they activate Cytotoxic t-cells to kill any antigens