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RELIGIOUS REFORMS - Coggle Diagram
RELIGIOUS REFORMS
*1- THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CRISIS
People believed it was not honouring its spiritual principles
was failing to adapt to the times
authority of the Catholic Church was being challenged
beginning of the Modern Age
HUMANISM
emphasised the value of humans
promoted individual interpretation of the Bible
The aim was to encourage personal, critical religious thinking
invention of the printing press
these ideas began to spread
The development of authoritarian monarchies
monarchs had more control over the Church, weakening the authority of the pope
BUYING AND SELLING OF INDULGENCES
for Catholics
was a way of becoming more spiritually and morally relaxed
This was criticised by both priests and humanists
This meant that sins could be pardoned in exchange for money given to the Church
many other harmful practices at the heart of the Church
Some people called
Correcting moral standards
Priests sometimes did not honour their religious vows
for example, by living with women, gambling, drinking, going to taverns
and they were not able to give proper spiritual guidance to their parishioners
Preventing corruption
Clergymen engaged in corrupt practices
simony
buying and selling church offices and titles
nepotism
illegally giving church positions to family members
Living humbly
The high clergy was very wealthy
many believed that this was not consistent with the Christian doctrine of poverty
Clergymen from noble and wealthy middle-class families owned large properties and also benefited from tithe payments
the Church was resistant to change
epidemics, wars, famine
The Church’s resistance to change, therefore
reinforced the perception that the Church needed to be reformed because of its sins
Important figures
Cardinal Cisneros
Erasmus of Rotterdam
THE POPE BORJA
Alexander VI
who was the pope between 1492 and 1510
came from the Borja family of Valencia (Borgia in Italian)
He personified everything that was wrong with the Church at the time
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
first religious reform
16th century
started by the German friar Martin Luther
He opposed Pope Leo X
proposal to grant indulgences in exchange for money to build
1517
Luther wrote his Ninety-five Theses criticising indulgences
The pope asked Luther to retract his theses
he refused
based on individual Christianity
Lutheran ideas
Emperor Carlos V intervened
the Holy Roman Empire
First
he tried to seek a compromise between Luther and the Catholic Church
Lutheranism
two imperial assemblies
Diet of Speyer (1529)
Diet of Worms (1521)
last assembly
six reformist princes and fourteen cities protested Luther’s condemnation :
became
Protestants
LUTHERAN DOCTRINE
Salvation through faith
strong faith
the Church’s involvement was not required
save your soul
Free interpretation of the Bible
Church’s interpretation of it was not the only valid one
Anyone could interpret the Bible’s message
Reformation of the sacraments
Lutheran doctrine
two sacraments
Eucharist
Baptism
Universal priesthood
Protestant pastors replaced priests
they did not have to be celibate
Lutherans rejected the hierarchy of the Catholic Church and the authority of the pope
Religious orders
the worship of images of the Virgin Mary and saints were prohibited
CATHOLIC DOCTRINE
To achieve salvation
follow all precepts
good works
have faith
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was the only valid interpretation
The Church’s official Latin version was known as the Vulgate Bible.
Catholicism had seven sacraments
Penance
Anointing of the Sick
the Eucharist
Matrimony
Confirmation
Holy Orders
Baptism
The Catholic Church had a well-defined hierarchical structure separating the high and low clergy
with many different ranks whose members had to be celibate
Religious and military orders, and worshipping the Virgin Mary and saints were very important
CALVINISM
John Calvin (1509–1564) established a theocracy in Geneva
established a theocracy in Geneva
This was the only expression of God’s will
Belief in predestination
Everyone is born predestined either to be saved or condemned
Humility and austerity
Although financial and social success were not punished
THE ENGLISH REFORMATION
more politically motivated than theologically motivated
King Henry VIII
asked the Catholic Church to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragón so that he could marry Anne Boleyn
Act of Supremacy (1534) was passed
Henry VIII royal supremacy
meaning he became head of the Church of England
During the 44-year reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
religious doctrine combined aspects of both Catholicism and Lutheranism
Anglican Church’s hierarchy was similar to the Catholic hierarchy and included more sacraments
THE INFLUENCE OF CALVINISM
Calvinists in France were called Huguenots
particularly successful in the south of the kingdom, where Catharism had thrived before it was eliminated by the pope’s crusade at the beginning of the 13th century
Religious conflicts between Huguenots and Catholics caused
violence
wars in France throughout the 16th century
instability
1572
Thousands of Huguenots were killed in the St Bartholomew's Day massacre
Calvinists in the Low Countries, Scotland and England were called Puritans
THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION: THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Counter-Reformation
Catholic Church
tried to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation
by carrying out an internal reform
.
Council of Trent
programme of changes was formulated in response to the Protestant Reformation
Church’s hierarchical structure was reaffirmed
One of the most important principles was that salvation was achieved through faith and good works
Catholic dogma (indisputable principles) was reaffirmed
Vulgate Bible
was the only valid version, and the Catholic Church’s interpretation of it was the only correct one
seven sacraments and worship of the Virgin Mary and saints were maintained
