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Melanin Storyline Conepts and Ideas - Coggle Diagram
Melanin Storyline Conepts and Ideas
Genetics
Patterns of Inheritance
Karyotypes - A picture displaying the chromosomes of an organism, for example humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of 2 chromosomes
Alleles - Different versions of a gene, for example white skin or darker toned skin
Genes - The section of a chromosome that codes for a trait
Dominant vs recessive genes
Dominant - more common phenotypic trait that is passed down within a family, coded for with a capital letter such as A. As long as there is a dominant base within a genetic pair that is passed down then that trait/phenotype will be shown within the offspring.
Recessive - Less visible phenotypic trait that is passed down within a family and is shown in base pairs with a lowercase letter such as a. The only way that a recessive trait can be shown within offspring is if the base pair that is passed down from the parents to the offspring coding for that specific trait is two lowercase letters such as aa. As long as one uppercase letter is present within the base pair that is passed down then the recessive trait cannot be shown, it must be two lowercase letters.
Homozygous vs heterozygous pairs - Homozygous pairs are represented with the same letters in the base pair be it uppercase or lowercase, for example aa and AA. Heterozygous is shown if the base pair contains different base pairs, for example aA or Aa. If the letters are the same uppercase or lowercase they are homozygous but as long as they are different it is heterozygous.
Pedigrees
Female - represented by circles in pedigrees
Male - represented by squares in pedigrees
If the circle or square is blank and not filled in then it does not show the targeted or recessive trait within the pedigree, circles or squares that are filled in show the presence of the trait.
Horizontal lines on a pedigree - marriage or sibling lines, individuals in the pedigree that reproduced or are siblings
Vertical lines - lines of descent showing one generation to the next
Punnett Squares - graph using base pairs of two parents that determines the probability of its offspring having the dominant of recessive trait
An example could be both parents having the Aa base pair where there would be a 50% chance of the offspring having Aa, 25% AA, and 25% aa
Genotypes (base pairs) - examples could be aa, Aa, or AA. As long as there is one capital letter in the genotype then the offspring would show the dominant trait and two lowercase letters codes for the recessive trait.
Phenotypes - visible traits coded for by genotypes , for example blue eyes, white skin, or black hair
Evolution
Protein synthesis
Process where proteins are made in the body's cells
Cytoplasm - area in the cell that is not inside any cell organelle, OUT SIDE OF THE NUCLEUS
Nucleus - center of the cell that contains the DNA and where DNA becomes mRNA (TAKES PLACE INSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS, process of TRANSCRIPTION)
Transcription - process where DNA in the nucleus becomes mRNA in the nucleus, mRNA eventually travels outside of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm then to the ribosome to become amino acids
Ribosomes - Where amino acids are created and chained together to form proteins (OUTSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS and IN THE CYTOPLASM, mRNA to AMINO ACIDS, process of TRANSLATION) to form proteins
Translation - The process where amino acids in the cytoplasm are transferred to the ribosome and chained together to form proteins (mRNA to amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome)
Codon - a base pair of 3 genotypes that are transcripted to mRNA as well as in the ribosome
DNA - stored within a cell's nucleus and chromosomes, are represented by A, C, T, G but T is replaced by U once it becomes RNA, A pairs with T and C pairs with G but A pairs with U once it becomes RNA
Types of Mutations
Frameshift - Entire frame of nucleotides shifts
Insertion - a base of genotypes is added
Deletion - A base of genotyes is taken away
Substitution - One nucleotide is substituted in for another
Silent - no change in the amino acid
Nonsense - results in an early stop in the codon, short, nonfunctional protein
Missense - one AMINO ACID changes
Miscallaneous Concepts