The Two World Wars and the Peace Settlements
relations among European powers before WW1
hostile
France + Germany
Britain + Germany
Russia + Germany
Austria Hungary + Russia
Franco-Prussian War
X Alsace Lorraine, $$$
unification of Germany Palace of Versailles
humiliation
naval race, dreadnoughts
Baghdad Railway
threatens
threatens
Britain's naval supremacy
Britain's interests in Middle East
economic competition
rapid industrialization
Germany surpassed Britain in steel production (1896)
Balkan Peninsula
Reinsurance Treaty (1887)
X renew it in 1890
causes of WW1
pre-war crisis
colonial rivalry
arms race
alliance system
extreme nationalism
73 79 82 // 94 04 07
Three Emperors' League (1873)
Dual Alliance (1879)
Triple Entente ( 1882)
Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)
Entente Cordiale (1904)
Triple Entente (1907)
Anglo-Russian Entente (1904)
Boer War, telegram
Britain: X splendid isolation
Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
defensive in nature
Europe was separated into two camps
suspicions, secret agreements
Italy + France secret agreements, Libya, neutrality
use of violence instead of peace to settle conflicts
Germany --> two Moroccan Crisis to test the Anglo-French relations
French Revenge Movement
Pan Germanism
Pan-slavism
Greater Serbia Movement
Britain's naval expansion
Greater German Empire
Anti-austrian
naval hegemony
Britain + France
Fashoda, Sudan
Entente Cordiale
Italy, France
Tunisia
Russia, Japan
Northeast China, Korea --> Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
First Moroccan Crisis
Bosnian Crisis
Second Moroccan Crisis
First Balkan War
Second Balkan War
conscription
increasing military expenditure
strategic plans
Schlieffen Plan(Germany), Plan XVII(France)
1910-1914: Germany increase by 73%, Russia increase by 39%, France increase by 10%
arms race
attempts to solve pre-war crisis
attempts in maintaining peace
First Hague Conference
Second Hague Conference
NGOs
Second International
Permanent Court of Arbitration
humane warfare
direct cause of WW1: Sarajevo Incident
no disarmament agreement
post war conference and peace settlements
Paris Peace Conference
Algeciras Conference
Morocco = French sphere of influence
Germany: only allies is Austria-Hungary
Treaty of Fez
Morocco: France's protectorate
Treaty of Versailles
6.6 billion reparation
war guilt clause
X conscription, reduice army size to 100000, X air force, 6 small battleships
demilitarize Rhineland
surrender all overseas colonies
no union with Austria
Alsace Lorraine --> France
big three (US, Britain, France)
US (Wilson)
fourteen points
League of Nations
peace settlements
Treaty of Neuilly, Treaty of Lausanne, Treaty of Saint Germain, Treaty of Triannon, Treaty of Sevres
collective security
1920s: effective in maintaining peace
- mediating the border conflict of German and Poland in 1921
- mediating Italy's invasion in Greek Island of Corfu in 1923
1930s: ineffective
Italy annexation of Abyssnia
Japan's expansion in China
Germany remilitarization
Anschluss (1938)
Cause of WW2
Great Depression
Appeasement policy
failure of collective security
legacy of WW1 + PPP
lead to
unfulfilled demands of Italy
want
Fiume, Dalmatia
reality
Istria, Tyrol
X compensation promised by the Allies Power (覺得犧牲好大但得不到應有補償）
national self determination
X applicable to Germany
對民主政府失望 轉向極權
rise of totalitarianism
League of Nations in 1930s
Munich Conference
Munich Agreement
Sudetenland --> Germany
Facism, Nazism
withdrawn from LN
peacemaking effort = less effective
continuous decline in industrial production
rising unemployment rate
cannot afford the reparation
1923: the Ruhr (industrial centre of Germany) was occupied by France
US was not affected severely by WW1
monopolized the overseas market when other European countries was in WW1
other countries was severely affected eg. Britain, France
Shenyang Incident, January 28 Incident
gained Shandong's right + Germany colonies in Pacific Region
Germany: have better relations with the West in 1924-1928
US participation
1924: Dawes Plan (helping Germany)
economic boom
Overspeculation, overproduction
slowing economy --> panic sale
Wall Street Crash (1929)
international trade drop: 68.6B (1929) --> 24.2 B(1933)
1929: Young Plan
Great Depression --> withdrawal of US aid
impact of European countries
Germany
unemployment: 1.32M (1929) --> 6M (1933)
loopholes of international agreements
Locarno Pact (1925)
legitimate self-defense
Washington Conference (1921-1922)
no binding power
Japan: Mukden Incident
X disarmament on air foce
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
defensive wars