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Evelyn Santiago P2 - Lymphatic/Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Evelyn Santiago P2 - Lymphatic/Immune System
Major Functions
Lymphatic - 1) network of lymph vessels, lymph, and lymp notes
lymphoid organs and tissue
lymph nodes
spleen
tonsils
thymus
lymphatic trunks
paired lumbar
paired bronchomediastinal
paired subclavian
paired jugular trunks
paired intestinal trunk
lymph capillaries
Immune system
provides resistance to disease
innate defense system
2nd line
1st line
adaptive defense system
3rd line
lymhpoid cells
lymphocytes
t cells
b cells
plasma cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
reticular cells
Location of Lymphatic organs & Functions
Line of Defense
1st line of defense
Intact skin epidermis - forms mech barrier that prevents entry of pathogens & other harmful substances into body
acid mantle
skin secretions make epidermal surface acidic.
keratin
provides resistance against acids, alkalis, & bacterial enzymes
intact mucous membranes - form mech barrier that prevents entry of pathogens
urine - normally acid pH inhibits bacterial growth; cleanses the lower urinary tract as it flushes from the body.
lacrimal secretion (tears); saliva - continuously lubricate and cleanse eyes and oral cavity; contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroy microorganisms.
acid mantle of vagina - inhibits growth of most bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract
gastric juice - contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in stomach
cilia - propel debris-laden mucus away from nasal cavity and lower respiratory passages
nasal hair - filter and trap microorganisms in nasal passages
mucus - traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts
2nd line of defense
Natural killer (NK) cells
promote apoptosis by direct kill
Antimicrobial proteins
interferons - proteins released by virus-infected cells and certain lymphocytes; act as chemical messengers to protect uninfected tissue cells
complacent - a group of bloodborne proteins that, when activated, lyse microorganisms, enhance phagocytosis
Phagocytes
engulf & destroy pathogens that breach surface membrane barriers: macrophages also contribute to adaptive immune responses
Fever
systemic response initiated by pyrogens; high body temp inhibits microbes from multiplying and enhances body repair processes
Inflammatory response
prevents injurious agents from spreading to adjacent tissues, disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells. releases chemicals
3rd line of defense
attacks particular foreign substances
Immune Defenses
Innate (natural) (nonspecific)
Surface barriers
skin
mucous membranes
internal defenses
phagocytes
natural killer cells
inflammation
antimicrobial proteins
feve
stops attacks of pathogens
Adaptive (acquired)
Humoral immunity
B cells
antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, circulate freely
bind temporarily to target cell - mark for destruction
Cellular immunity
T cells
lymphocytes act against target cell
directly - killing infected cells
indirectly - releasing chemicals
Responses
Humoral
when b cell encounters target antigen-
Cellular- The binding of chemical signals to their corresponding receptors induces events within the cell that ultimately change its behaviour.
Antigens and Antibodies
Antigens - substances mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
targets all adaptive immune response
most are large, complex molecules
characteristics
complete antigen or hapten (incomplete)
antigentic determinants
self antigen (MHC Proteins)
Antibodies - aka immunoglobulins (Igs) - proteins secreted by plasma cells
binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
grouped into 1 of 5 Ig classes
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
Basic antibody structure
overal T- or Y- shaped antibody monomer consists of 4 looping polypeptide chains
Antibody targets and function
do not destroy antigens, inactivate and tag them
Agglutination
allows for antigen-antibody complexes to become cross-linked into large
Precipitation
soluble molecules (instead of cells) are cross-linked into complexes
complexes precipitates out of solution
Neutralization
simplest, but 1 of most important defensive mechanism
antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
antigen-antibody complexes undergo phagocytosis
Complement fixation
main antibody defense against cell antigen
several antibodies are bound close together on same antigen
Acquired immunity
active
naturally acquired
infection,; contact w/ pathogen
artifically acquired
vaccine, dead or attenuated pathogen
passive
naturally acquired
antibodies passed from mother to fetus
artificially acquired ; injection of exogenous antibodies
Immunity
Passive humoral immunity - occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
B cells are not challenged by antigens; immunological memory does not occur
protection ends when antibodies degrade
1) naturall acquired; antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
2) Artificially acquired - injection of serum, like gamma globulin
Active humoral immunity - occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
1) Naturally acquired; formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection
2) Artificially acquired; formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Immune system cells
T cell
CD4 cells
helper T cells
regulatory t cell
memory t cells
CD8 cells
cytotoxic t cedlls
memory t cells
B cell
Disorders/Diseases
Immunodeficiency - congenital/acquired conditions that impair function or production of immune cells
Sever combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome: genetic defect w/ marked deficit in B and T cells
Hodgkins disease
Hiv
AIDS
Autoimmune Disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Myasthenia gravis
multiple sclerosis
graves disease
type 1 diabetes mellitus
systemic lupus erythematosus
glomerulonephritis