Language of learning

Historical events

Key figures and organisations

Terminology and technical vocabulary

Concepts

Effective use of verbs

Grammatical progression

post-World War II

Cold War

Fall of the Berlin Wall and German Reunification

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Enlargement to the east

Jean Monnet

Robert Schuman

European Coal and Steel Community

European Economic Community

European Community

Acquis communautaire

Single Market

Schengen Area

European Parliament

European Commission

European Council

European Court of Justice

European Central Bank

...

Political concepts and ideologies

Economic concepts and theories

Social issues and policies

democracy

liberalism

integration

supranational organisation

intergovernmental organisation

customs union

free trade

economic growth

single market

Economic and Monetary Union

etc.

free movement

migration

human rights

GDPR

environmental protection

...

Present simple

Present perfect

Past simple

Present Real Conditional

Present Unreal Conditional

Present continuous conditional

Future simple

modal verbs

Expression of Logical Relationships

Affirmations, Negations, Questions, and Exclamations

Expressions related to Temporality

Expression of Modality

Conjunction and Disjunction: "as well as", "either … or"...

Opposition and Concession: "although", "however"...

Cause and Purpose: "because (of)", "due to", "as", "so that", "in order to"...

Comparison: "(as/not so Adj. as; less/more + Adj./Adv. (than)"; "the better of the two"; "the best ever"...

Result and Correlation: "so", "so that", "the more", "the better"...

Condition: "if", "unless", "in case"...

Indirect Style: Offering suggestions and advice, expressing plans and desires...

Temporal Relationships: "while", "once (they have reformed)"...

Affirmation: affirmative sentences, e.g. "So it seems"...

Exclamation: "What + noun (+ phrase);" "What a thing to say!", "How + Adv. + Adj.;" "How very well thought!", "Wow, this is really well done!"...

Negation: "Not bad", "Not at all", "No way"....

Interrogation: Wh-questions, aux. questions

Units of Time and Divisions: "this time next year", "in ten days", "semester"...

Indications and Duration: "earlier", "later", "all day long", "the whole summer"...

Anteriority and Posteriority: "already", "(not) yet", "afterwards", "later (on)"...

Sequence and Simultaneity: "firstly", "secondly, "finally", "just then/as"...

Frequency: "quite often", "frequently", "day in day out"...

Expression of Manner: Adverb + Manner Expression: "nicely" , "upside down"...

...

....

...

Factuality and Ability: Declarative Sentences, "manage"...

Possibility, Probability, and Necessity: "possibly", "probably", "want", "take"...

Obligation and Permission: "need/needn’t", "may", "could", "allow"...

Intention: "be thinking of –ing"...