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LAND SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES - Coggle Diagram
LAND SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES
LAND RESOURCES:-
30% of surface area on the Earth.
only a fraction is habitable for humans.
90% of the world population live in 30% of land on Earth
Plains and river valleys are populated as they have fertile soil for agriculture.
LAND USE:-
Humans use land for various purposes; mining, agriculture construction etc.
It depends on topography, mineral resources and water available, soil type and climate.
Also depends on availability of capital, infrastructure population density and technology.
Land use is changing as people are building large residential and industrial buildings. Forest cover is depleting at a rapid rate
INDIAN LAND USE
net sown area 46%; forested area 23%; cultivable wasteland 3% and Non cultivable land.
LAND DEGRADATION:-
refers to decline in productivity of cultivated land
caused due to over-exploitation of land resources.
cased by burning trees for agriculture (Jhum), clearing fertile land for settlements etc.
CONSERVATION:-
land reclamation, afforestation
regulated use of chemicals and pesticides, control on overgrazing and monitored mining.
Classification of Land:-
On the basis of relief- Plateau, plains, mountains
On Basis of fertility:- Fertile and barren land
On the basis of development:- rural and urban
On the basis of Ownership:-
Private land- Belongs to an individual.
Community Land- Owned by a group of people. Common land. Used for resource like fodder, crops etc. These crops are called common property resources.
Government Land
On the basis of land use.:-
Arable land- Suitable for crop production
Pasture land- for grazing animals
Forrest and fallow- Cultivable land unused for the season
cultivable waste- Cultivable land not used for more than 5 years
Non- agricultural land- that cannot be used for agriculture.
SOIL
Unconsolidated or loose covering of rock particles that cover the Earth's surface. It consists of weathered rock particles broken down by the agents of erosion like air water and glaciers.
Fertility of soil is its ability to produce growth in plants.
With the right mix of minerals and organic matter along with water holding capacity of soil makes it fertile.
Soil profile:-
The manner in which soil horizons are laid out is called soil profile.
Topsoil A: Dark in colour and has a high concentration of organic matter.
Subsoil B: Consists of sand silt and clay
Parent material C: Unconsolidated rock material from which A and B are formed
Bedrock R/D- Consists of solid rock
SOILS OF INDIA
Alluvial soil:
Rich fertile soil because of deposition of rivers.
Eroded material from the mountains are brought down by rivers are deposited on the plains making them very fertile.
24% of Indian Land area because it is found in the Indo-Gangetic plains and peninsular deltas
BLACK SOIL:-
found around lava plateaus also called regur soil or cotton soil.
Clayey when wet and contracts and forms cracks when dry. This is the self ploughing ability of black soil.
Found in the Deccan plateau. Karnataka, Maharashtra, MP, AP, Telengana and parts of Gujarat
RED SOIL:-
Red due to presence of iron oxides
Normally fertile but due to dry uplands , less fertile.
supports growth of millets corn and cotton.
Odisha, Madhya pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnatakaa, TN, Kerala
LATERITE SOIL:-
Caused due to the washing away of minerals in rainy areas.
Natural top soil is absent. So many fertilizers needed to make it fit for cultivation. Used to grow jute and millets. Used in brick making
coastal regions of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha TN and Kerala and NE
Arid and Sandy soil:-
found in dry regions and low moisture and humus.
Dark shades of pastel brown to reddish brown
with adequate irrigation, it can be made cultivable.
Found in Western Rajasthan.
PEATY AND FOREST SOIL:-
found in areas with dense vegetation.
Rich in humus as dead and decaying animals accumulate here.
Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttarakhand. Kerala.
Conservation of soil.
MULCHING:-
Bare ground between plant and ground is covered with mulch (Orgainic material) to prevent loss of moisture
Contour Bunding:-
Building barriers along contours(imaginary lines on a mountain that lie on the same altitude).
trenches are made in front of them to collect water
PLUGGING:-
Rocks are used to stop the water flow and erosion.
the fill gullies with rock to stop soil loss
TERRACE FARMING:-
When terraces are made on steep lands to grow crops. this also reduces the erosion by slowing down run off
INTER-CROPPING AND CROP ROTATION:-
Inter-cropping- growing different crops in alternate rows sown at different times to protect it from rainwash.
Crop rotation- Growing different crops one after the other in the same field.
SHELTER BELTS:-
Rows of trees are planted around farms and block the wind from eroding the soil. This is done to reduce the speed of high speed winds in coastal areas.
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WATER
DISTRIBUTION:-
Though water occupies 2/3rds of the world. Most of it is saline and unusable. Though countries in the middle east have opened desalination plants for their usage.
Fresh water is only 3% of all the water on earth
of that most of it is in the form of Ice in the arctic and antarctic caps and in glaciers.
only 1% is fit for human use. So it is a critical resource.
Ground water is found in geysers, springs and wells while surface water is found in ponds lakes and rivers.
Water cycle refers to the continuous movement of water from state to state from the land oceans and back. (Elaborate 3rd grade answer)
WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA:-
India have mighty rivers like the Ganga and the Bhramaputra, which flow through north India and are snow fed and flows all year long. (Perennial.) But they flood when the snow melts fast during the summer.
In south India, Seasonal rivers make up the water supply. They only flow in the monsoon and not the summer. This causes droughts.
Multi purpose projects were created by the government when they decided to put the water wasted in floods to a better use.
Their main purpose is :-
irrigation, hydroelectricity, flood control and providing usable water to people around it. Bhakra, Damodar Valley, Hirakund, Nagarjunasagar and Narmada
Irrigation is the process of artificially delivering water to the crops. These multi pupose projects were helpful in doing so.
WATER POLLUTION:-
When the source of water is deemed unfit for human use, it is called polluted water.
This happens when pollutants like chemicals, sewage and waste is released into the water source.
This becomes a breeding ground for many pathogens and can cause diseases if used.
Conservation of water:-
West Africa, Mexico, Some parts of USA and Australia have water shortages due to increase in population and demand being too high.
Water pollution, variation in annual precipitation also plays a factor.
Ways to conserve water
Treating Industrial effluents before discharge
Afforestation as it will reduce runoff and enable percolation of ground water
Rainwater harvesting
Scientifically regulated irrigation
Dry regions, Drip irrigation should be adopted
Mulching and plugging helps save water in dry regions.
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