Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Food 1 - Coggle Diagram
Food 1
differences in food consumption between DCs and LDCs
Differences between DCs and LDCs
DCs have a higher life expectancy and GDP per capita than LDCs while LDCs have a higher infant mortality rate than DCs
Some DCs are Canada, Norway, Italy
Some LDCs are India, Ethiopia, Peru
How food consumption patterns are measured
Total daily calorie intake
Refers to the total amt of calories obtained from food consumed per person per day
Measured in kilocalories; avg amt of food each person requires each day is about 2586 kilocalories
DCs are likely to have a higher calorie intake than LDCs
Starchy staples as a percentage of all calories
Staple
Forms the main part of the diet and supplies a major proportion of the person's energy due to high carbs.
Non-staple
Other food types that form a major part of the daily diet such as meat, fruit and vegetables
Food consumption per capita
Refers to avg amount of food a person consumes per year and is measured in kilogrammes per capita per year
Important trends in food preferences
Reasons for change
Higher income
Country becomes more developed
Changes diet from crop-based to meat-based
Results in a reduction of cereal consumption and increased demand for livestock
Increasing awareness of health risks
DCs eating less red meat due to health concerns such as obesity and heart disease
WHO's efforts in promoting the consumption of fruits and vegetables led to an increase in demand for them in DCs and LDCs
Reasons for variations in food consumption patterns between DCs and LDCs
Socio-cultural reasons
Food preferences
Organic food (DCs)
Increasingly influenced by health concerns
Choose them due to perceived health benefits
Eg. a 2011 survey in USA where 58% of respondents preferred organic food to non-organic ones
Religion (DCs and LDCs)
Have specific dietary restrictions
Causes them to choose food that suits them
Eg. Buddhism, Hinduism
Fast food (LDCs)
Globalisation (LDCs)
Created more fast food chains and made it more affordable for LDCs
Attracted by comfortable atmosphere and patronize these over local stalls
Health concerns (DCs)
Moving away from it as they know negative impacts
Population growth
Higher in LDCs than DCs
Due to higher birth rates and lack of family planning
Results in increasing demand for food in LDCs than DCs
Economic reasons
Difference in disposable income
Higher income= higher disposable income in DCs and LDCs
Resulted in more purchase power for larger amt and more variety of food
More disposable income= DCs spending more on better quality food such as olive oil.
Eg. Meat consumption increased by 4 times and rice fell by half during high economy growth in Taiwan
Increasing food pricing in the world
LDCs are more affected by increased food pricing as they have lower disposable income. Eg. 60% of income spent on food for LDCs while 20% for DCs
Eg. Global Food Crisis from 2006 to 2008 where prices increased dramatically and LDCs cannot afford any food while DCs went for cheaper options.
Reasons were:
Rising energy prices
Bad weather
Restriction on export of cereals
Growing demand for biofuels
Political reasons
Stability of food supply
Safe and nutritious food is available to to people all the time. DCs are more stable than LDCs
DCs have more tech and are able to afford exported food than LDCs. Eg. SG where 90% of food is exported
LDCs have less tech and unable to afford exported food. Eg. Jamaica after a hurricane in 2004 was not able to export food because it was too expensive
Civil wars also reduce it. Eg. Libya Civil War in April 2011 which led to food and water shortages.
Thus, despite LDCs having more agricultural land, they still produce less food
Food safety
A system where govts set food safety standards to prevent foodborne diseases and DCs are more safe in food consumption than LDCs. Eg. SG stopped exporting seafood from Jap after their 2011 earthquake which contaminated farmlands and others due to destruction of nuclear plant
Consequences/Impacts of variation in food consumption pattern in DCs and LDCs
Inadequate consumption
Adverse health effects on individuals
Malnutrition
Not enough nutrients which results in long-term development problems or death
Eg. lack of Vit A results in blindness and measles, lack of Vit D and cal lead to osteoporosis
LDCs are more affected than DCs. Eg. 78mil in SA and 36mil in SSA
DCs individuals such as elderly or eating disorders may develop malnutrition
Starvation
Extreme hunger where skeletons are thin and organs are permanently damaged which leads to death
more common in LDCs due to widespread poverty, lack of resources to deal with natural disasters and unstable political situation
AP and SSA have largest no. of starving ppl. In SSA, more than one-third people are malnourished.
Negative impact on a country's economy
Higher public health expenditures
More people falling sick means them spending more on healthcare instead of other sectors such as education, housing etc.
This slows down the country's economic development and growth
Long-term debt
When food and financial aid is given to a country, it may lead to long-term debt problems for the country.
Eg. USA requires countries receiving their aid to buy food from their suppliers which makes it more expensive than local food which increases the debt of the LDCs whom received help from them.
Lower productivity
When they suffer from malnutrition and starvation, they fall sick more easily which lowers their productivity
This means less goods are produced which reduces the country's wealth
Children will also fall sick which leads to losing out on school days as well as educational opportunities
Political instability
It leads to lots of social unrest which causes people to protest due to unhappiness.
Eg. Mozambique in 2010 where food prices rose by 30% which caused people to protest and 400 were injured while 10 were dead in this protest
Social
People resort to scavenging food to overcome inadequate food supply which may contain high levels of bacteria
Eg. Smokey Mountain in Manila, Philippines where people set up makeshift homes near to there in order to make a living there through the rubbish there.
Excess consumption
Negative impact on a country's economy
Lower productivity
Due to obesity-related issues, more workers are becoming sick and taking more days of leave which causes lower productivity and lower income.
Companies may also have to pay more for medical insurance and their employees might also have lower productivity due to poor health
Children may also get sick which leads to a loss of educational opportunities and school days.
Higher public health expenditures
These increase as a result of treating obesity-related illnesses
This causes the government to channel more funds to the medical sector which reduces the amount for other sectors
Social
Food wastages
DCs are less careful in handling food which results in food wastage.
Eg. DCs wastage is 115kg while LDCs is 11kg contributing to wastage in landfills
Dieting
Overweight people might go on a diet to lose weight. They regulate amt of food consumed and engage in physical activities when doing so. It also has created more employment opportunities for people such as books on dieting or medication for losing weight.
It may cause depression as well as food-related illnesses such anorexia or bulimia.
Adverse health impacts on individuals
Obesity is due to excessive consumption of nutrients which leads to an accumulation in fats stored in the body.
This causes many illnesses such as high blood pressure, diabetes etc. This reduces a person's lifespan by 9 years.
It is more common in DCs but LDCs are starting to have it too.