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DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIES AND COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES - Coggle Diagram
DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIES AND COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY:-
Key Industry as it helped pave the way into modern world. Basic Industry.
Steel is obtained by alloying steel with minerals like carbon and manganese.
Stainless steel can resist rusting.
It is malleable and ductile.
It is used in railway tracks, Buildings, Machinery, Transport equipment etc. It is used in all industries and is called the backbone of modern industry.
Raw materials used is iron ore, cooking coal and limestone.
How it is made:-
The iron ore is smelted (Process of heating ores above their melting point.) and the iron is extracted from it. The pure iron is called pig iron and it is very brittle, they add minerals like manganese and carbon to make it steel. Alloys of steel and aluminium, copper can also be made.
LOCATION:-
Located near coal mines and abundant reserves of power and water.
It is also being located near sea ports for easier importing and it needs large areas of flat land which can be found near the coast
INDIA- wherever there is cheap labour, cost-effective transport, availability of raw materials.
Bhilai; Chhattisgarh
Bokaro Jamshedpur; Jharkhand
Rourkela; Odisha
Durgapur; West Bengal
Salem; Tamil Nadu
Vishakapatnam; Andhra Pradesh
Bhadravati; Karnataka
STEEL IN INDIA
1947- 1 mt(million tonnes)
now - 111.2 mt
pig iron now 5.5 mt.
TISCO-
Tata iron and steel company, Jamshedji Tata 1907.
Only steel plant in India before Independence
near Kharkai and Subernareka rivers in Jharkhand. Sakchi 32km away from Bengal Nagpur railway line.
Later area was called Jamshedpur.
Pig iron in 1911 and Steel in 1912. Now it is a multinational firm.
Jamshedpur:-
Iron ore deposits- Mayurbhanj Odisha and Singhbum Jharkhand.
Availability of coal and manganese- Jharia and raniganj- coal; Keonjhar Odisha- manganese.
Limestone and Dolomite- Chhattisgarh and Odisha
Water Supply- Rivers of Kharkai and Subnernakera
Connectivity- Kolkata and Mumbai route
Labour- thickly populated areas
Various commercial parts using large industrial machines is called ancillary industry.
USA -
North Appalachian region (Youngstown and Pittsburgh)
Great Lake region (Chicago-Gary, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo)
Mid Atlantic coast (Sparrows point and Morrisville)
Pittsburgh, original centre of steel making but now known as the dust bowl and industry is moving south to Alabama.
DETROIT USA-
North Appalachian region is the source of coal for the Detroit industry; Iron ore is brought from lake superior and Shipped via lake Erie
supply of labour.
excellent network or road and rail
Dolomite and Limestone is found near lake Erie and Huron. They also provide water for the same
Largest centres of automobile industry, Ford motor company, General motors and Chrysler motors have their HQs here.
EUROPE
UK(Birmingham and Sheffield)
Germany (Dortmund and Dusseldorf)
France (Le Creusot and St. Ettinne)
Russia (Moscow, Tula)
Luxembourg Belgium and Netherlands
ASIA:-
China Biggest producer of steel in world (Shanghai Wuhan)
Japan (Nagasaki, Tokyo-Yokohoma)
SOUTH AMERICA:-
Brazil Venezuela Chile Colombia
AFRICA:-
Egypt, Zimbabwe, South Africa
Chemical Industry:-
converts raw materials like water oil and minerals into more than 70000 different chemicals.
They are used in agriculture medicine metallurgy glass paints adhesives detergents and cosmetics
Inputs like coal gypsum water, sulphur, chlorine salts animal products and vegetables are used
Petrochemical industries were first set up in USA.
India, Russia, China, Canada and Japan have Chemical Industries.
TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY:-
Without it mobility of ppl and minerals will get affected.
Includes wagons automobiles ships and aircrafts
LOCOMOTIVES AND WAGONS:-
produced by huge capital intensive companies.
Locomotives are set up in
India (Chittaranjan Varanasi)
USA (Detroit Philadelphia)
UK (Birmingham and Derbey)
France (le Creusot St. Ettine )
Germany (Essen Dusseldorf)
Russia (Gorkhy Kharkov)
AUTOMOBILES:-
First emerged in Europe and spread to USA.
Important centres like Detroit and Pittsburgh, West Germany, Japan, France, Russia, Italy.
INDIA- Tata motors, Mahindra and Ashok Leyland. Multinational firms like Toyota and Hyundai.
Ship Building:-
Nations of Mediterranean sea used to hold the lead
Now it is countries like Japan USA UK Sweden Netherlands France Germany and Russia
India- Vishakpatnam and Kochi and Mazagoan in Mumbai
AIRCRAFT BUILDING:-
Capital intensive
Boeing, USA; Airbus France; Aviacor Russia
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Military Aircrafts has bas in Kanpur and Banglore
TEXTILE INDUSTRY:-
provides primary need for humans- clothing.
started about 5000 years ago in India and Egypt and fibres of cotton and jute were used to make cloth.
Cotton, Jute, Hemp, Flax, silk are the raw materials used. It is also made using synthetic chemicals like nylon polyester and rayon.
USA China Japan India Germany France UK and Spain
First textile mill In India was opened in Mumbai in 1854. Because of climatic advantages, ports and availability of skilled labour and raw material.
Since black soil was abundant and humidity could be created artificially, It could be grown in places like Coimbatore, Chennai, Ludhiana, Panipat, Pondicherry etc.
AHMEDABAD- MANCHESTER OF INDIA:-
2nd largest textile city in India after Mumbai. Located in Gujarat near the Sabarmati river. First mill in 1859.
found in the heart of a cotton growing area,
flat land frost free climate and supports spinning and weaving
well developed transport and importing facilities and availability of labour.
Import of cheap cotton from china killed the mills in Ahmedabad.
OSAKA JAPAN:-
Manchester of Japan. Located in the island of Honshu with Kobe and Kyoto.
Extensive plains for factory building
availability of cheap labour
Hot and Humid conditions help the weaving conditions.
Hydroelectricity from mountain streams
Near ports to Import cotton.
Adequate water from the river Yodo.
They keep a large market share as their quality is good and price is low.
SUGAR INDUSTRY:-
Located near beet growing regions as they provide raw materials for the industry.
perishable so need to be immediately crushed at mills after harvesting.
Cuba Brazil Indonesia USA Germany France.
In India, industry is concentrated near Punjab and Maharashtra.
CEMENT INDUSTRY:-
Provides basic raw materials for construction work. Uses materials like shale gypsum, limestone which are heavy and bulky but cheap.
Transport cost is very high so they need easy access to raw material and markets. It needs power for the machines so power also plays a role in location.
Cement is made by crushing and grinding limestone and heating it to a temperature of 1500 degrees Celsius. Gypsum is added for hardening purposes.
USA China Russia Germany India Italy France
MP Telangana Andhra Pradesh Chhattishgarh and Rajasthan. India is second after China.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY:-
grew into an industry only in 1970 as it is related to the development of computer based information.
Both software and hardware falls into this
It is a general term used to describe any technology used to produce manipulate and store information.
Started in USA but became global very quick
employs over a million people and set to grow many folds that number.
Main hub for IT is Bangalore. Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai are also It places in India.
Worth more than 10 billion in 2003.
Earns maximum in foreign exchange with Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO) and Knowledge Processing Outsourcing(KPO).
SILICON VALLEY:-
Part of Santa Clara Valley in USA and it got its name from the silicon used to make computers.
Silicon revolutionised computers. It enabled us to make small personal computers called (PCs).
The neighboring presence of Stanford University encouraged it and made the Sanford industrial Park in 1951. Where big companies like IBM, NASA, Oracle etc. established research operations here.
In 1980s, Japan was the leader as they could produce computers with low cost and good quality.
the invention of the world Wide Web or WWW created opportunities for companies to grow as the had access to a lot of information.
Ppl work together on a global scale, so, ppl in the silicon valley will send a message to those in Bangalore after their shift, Then the ppl in B'Lore will work their shift. this is because of the difference in time zones they can finish their work faster.
BENGALURU:-
900m above sea level, capital of Karnataka, IT hub of India and pleasant climate.
Bharat Heavy Electronics Limited(BHEL); Hindustan Aeronautics Limited(HAL) Indian Telephone Industries (ITI) all set up Head Quarters in Bengaluru.
IT policy of the govt. gives 5 yrs of tax holiday
favorable climate for Living,
presence of many tech industries.
good infrastructure
presence of highly skilled labour
Electronic city was set up in 1980 so now many companies like Apple, Google, Oracle, Infosys, Tata Cognizant are all based in Bengaluru.