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Immune system-Natalia Gomez-Period:5 - Coggle Diagram
Immune system-Natalia Gomez-Period:5
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems (include BOTH)
Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to blood via:
– Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics): elaborate network of drainage vessels
– Circulates ~ 3L interstitial fluid per day
– Once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics, it is called lymph
Immune system provides resistance to disease.
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
– Innate (nonspecific) defense system
Constitutes first and second lines of defense
– First line of defense: external body membranes (skin and mucosae)
– Second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other
cells (inhibit spread of invaders; inflammation most important mechanism)
– Adaptive (specific) defense system
Third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances (takes longer to
react than innate)
• Immune system is a functional system rather than organ system
• Innate and adaptive defenses are intertwined
– Both release and recognize many of the same defensive molecules
– Innate defenses do have specific pathways for certain substances
– Innate responses release proteins that alert cells of adaptive system to foreign
molecules
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Constitutes first and second lines of defense
– First line of defense: external body membranes (skin and mucosae)
– Second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other
First line
Surface barriers are skin and mucous membranes, along with their secretions
– Physical barrier to most microorganisms
– Keratin is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes,
Many second-line cells have pattern recognition receptors that recognize and bind
tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
oragns
Primary lymphoid organs: areas where T and B cells mature—red bone marrow
and thymus
§ T and B cells originate in bone marrow, but only B cells matures there; T cells
mature in thymus
– Secondary lymphoid organs: areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter
their antigen and become activated
§ Nodes, spleen, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) and diffuse
lymphoid tissues
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Pinworm infection
small round worm called enteritis vernaculars causes/risk:swelling pin worm eggs, breathing/inhaling pin worm
symptoms weight loss, nervousness and Insomnia
Treatment options: medication, 2 doses and garlic
meningitis
Inflammation of the protective membranes
causes/risk: coughing, sneezing, and kissing
Symptoms: Fever, stiff neck, vomiting
Treatment Options: Antibiotics, prophylaxis, fluids, and dehydration.
Hepatitis B
Liver infection by the Hepatitis B virus
cause/risk: sex, needles and HBV
symptoms:Tiredness, nausea and vomitting
Treatment options: drugs, contact doctor and drugs/antibodies
Tetanus-"Lockjaw"
Bacterial infection that causes painful muscles contraction causes/risk: dust enters body throughout cuts, infected skin and infect umbilical cord
Symptoms: Jaw cramping and trouble swallowing
Treatment Options: medicine called human tetanus and Antibiotics
Toxoplasmosis(parasite)
caused by a micro parasite called a protozoan
cause/risk: not proper hygiene, poor immune system, pregnant women
symptoms: fever, inflammation, and headaches
Treatment options: Antibiotics, drugs such as pyrimethamine
Hand, foot and mouth disease
An illness that from variety of viruses of affecting hands causes/risk: spread through nose, throat, blister, common in summer and fall
symptoms: fever, mouth sores, reduced appetite
treatment options: practice good hygiene, no specific medication
Polio disease
A disabling and life-threatening disease caused by polio virus cause/risk spiral word, paralysis and infected fees
symptoms fever, fatigue and vomiting
treatment options: therapy, heart physical and resting
measles
highly contagious aurbone viral disease envloved rinderpest cause/risk having vitamin A deficiency, pregnan and adults aged
symptoms: pain areas in the muscles, the whole body fever, nasal running nose
treatment options: antibiotics, vitamin A, rest
Cholera
An accute diarrheal illness caused by infection of in testine cause/risk eating raw meat, eating raw seafood, containates food
symmtoms: vomitting, diarrhea and rapid heart rate
treatment options: dehydration therapy, antibiotic and zinc treatment
Pertussis(whopping cough)
contagious respiratory illness caused by a type of bacteria causes/risk: whooping cough, bruised or cracked ribs, abdominal hernids
symptoms: runny or stuffed up nose, low-grade fever
treatment options: vaccination, do not take cough medicine, eat small meals
Rebulla
A contagious disease caused by a virus
causes/risk: not vaccinated, miscarriage
symptoms: low grade fever, sore throat, rash on face to body
]treatment options: contact doctor and plenty of fluids
Variecella(chicken pox)
Highly contagious disease who haven't been vaccinated causes/risk: direct eye contact with rash and varicella booster virus symptoms: rash turns to blister and loss of appetite treatment options: cooling gels, calamine lotion
Heemophilus
A bac terial illness that can lead to potential deadly brain infection causes/ risk: spread through cough/sneeze, affects the airway
symptoms: severe headache, stiff neck and convolutions
treatment options: antibiotics, cefotaxime and exoneration
Tuberculosis
Caused by germs that are spread from person to person through the air
causes/ risk: by bacteria, someone with a disease coughs or sneezes and close contact to a person with disease
symptoms: feeling sick, weak and weight loss
Treatment Options ionized INH combination, pyramidal
Malaria
life-threatening disease caused by parasite infection causes/risk plasmodium parasites, anemia
symptoms: fever, flue like shaking chills
treatment options: artemether lum lumefantrine and primaquine
Small pox
An acute disease caused by the variola
causes/risk: variola virus, prolonged, close contact with someone infected
symptoms; sores in mouth, fever and muscle ache
treatment options: smallpox vaccines, cidofovir
Passive vs. Active immunity
Passive vs active
Active humoral immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce
specific antibodies against them
– Two types of active humoral immunity
Naturally acquired: formed in response to
actual bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired: formed in response to
vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
• Passive humoral immunity occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into
body
– B cells are not challenged by antigens; Immunological memory does not occur
– Protection ends when antibodies degrade
– Two types of passive humoral immunity
Naturally acquired: antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant
through milk
Artificially acquired: injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
– Protection immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in body
Humoral response and cellular response
Cellular immune response
T cells provide defense against intracellular antigens
– Example: cells infected with viruses or bacteria, cancerous or abnormal cells,
foreign (transplanted) cells
Some T cells directly kill cells; others release chemicals that regulate immune response
• T cells are more complex than B cells both in classification and function
• Two populations of T cells
– CD4 cells usually become helper T cells (TH) that can activate B cells, other T
cells, and macrophages; direct adaptive immune response
• Some become regulatory T cells, which moderate immune response
– Can also become memory T cells
When B cell encounters target antigen, it provokes humoral immune response
– Antibodies specific for that particular antigen are then produced
Antigens and antibodies
Antigen
Antigens: substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune
response
• Targets of all adaptive immune responses
• Most are large, complex molecules not normally found in body (nonself)
• Characteristics of antigens
– Can be a complete antigen or hapten (incomplete)
– Contain antigentic determinants
– Can be a self-antigen
Antibodies
Antibodies—also called Immunoglobulins (Igs)—are proteins secreted by plasma
cells
• Capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
• Grouped into one of five Ig classes
• Basic antibody structure
– Overall T- or Y-shaped antibody monomer consists of four looping polypeptide
chains linked by disulfide bonds
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Naturally acquired: formed in response to
actual bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired: formed in response to
vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
cells invovled
Phagocytes: white blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
• Neutrophils: most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic on
exposure to infectious material
• Macrophages: develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust
phagocytic cell