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MANAGING TECTONIC HAZARDS - Coggle Diagram
MANAGING TECTONIC HAZARDS
PREVENTING HAZARDS
prepared for the next hazar
mitigating the effects
completely adapting your lifestyle to limit the hazard’s effects.
HAZARD MANAGMENT CYCLE
PREPAREDNESS Being ready for an event to occur (public awareness, education, training)
RECOVERY Long-term responses (restoring services, reconstruction)
RESPONCEImmediate action taken after event (evacuation, medical assistance, rescue)
MITIGATION Strategies to lessen effects of another hazard (barriers, warning signals developed, observatories
MORNITORING AND PREPARDNESS
It is not possible for us to predict accurately when an earthquake will happen; instead, the risk of an earthquake can be forecast based on a statistical likelihood. Forecasts can be based on data and evidence gathered through global seismic monitoring networks and also from historical records. Scientists can sometimes predict volcanic eruptions with some degree of accuracy.
Scientists can use special equipment to monitor volcanoes and detect signs of imminent eruption:
● Small earthquakes - called tremors
● Changes to the top surface of the volcano as it swells when magma builds up
● Changes to the tilt as the slope angle changes when magma builds up
MITIGATION Identifies the characteristics of the potential hazard and what can be done reduce their impact on people, such as:
Land use zoning
Building codes and regulation
Protective defences (tsunami wall)
PREPARDNESS Minimising loss of life and property - Developing preparation plans
Developing warning systems
Stockpiling medicines, food, water etc.
Education, training, drill
RESPONCE Coping with a disaster, the main aims would be to rescue people and reduce economic losses:
Search and rescue efforts
Evacuating people
Restoring vital infrastructure like water and electricity
Restoring vital services like law enforcement and health care
LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL AID
Focuses on short-term and long-term recovery
Short-term:
Providing aid, food, water, shelter
Providing financial assistance so people can rebuild their livelihoods
Long term:
Rebuilding homes -
Building and repairing infrastructure
Reopening schools and businesses
MANAGMENT APPROACHES
MODIFY THE EVENT
We cannot control seismic activity. However, we can control the design of buildings (said to be the biggest killer during a natural disaster) through civil engineering using micro and macro methods.
Micro → Strengthening individual buildings and structures
Macro → Large scale support and protective measures designed to protect whole communities
For Earthquake: - Mainly micro approach - Emphasis put into public buildings like hospitals, police stations and other vital infrastructure - Schools and factories strengthened to help shelter people - Some improvements to private houses For
Tsunamis: - Tsunami walls which work for a given amplitude and threshold of wave - Replanting coasts with mangroves and coastal forestry which dissipates energy from waves For
Volcanoes: - Diverting flows of lava - Reinforce house roofs to withstand large deposits of ash
LAND USE ZONING Preventing building on low lying areas and areas of high risk
ADVANTAGE Low cost Reduces vulnerability
DISADVANTAGE Stops economic development on some high value land Strict enforcement required
RESISTANCT BUILDINGS Buildings with deep foundations, sloped roofs so that ash doesn’t build and create pressure
ADVANTAGE Can help prevent collapsing Protects people and property
DISADVANTAGE High cost for larger buildings Low income families cannot afford this
TSUANAMI DEFENCES Sea walls which stop waves travelling inland
ADVANTAGE Reduces damage Provides security
DISADVANTAGE Very high cost Doesn’t look nice Can be overtopped
LAVA DIVERSION Barriers and water cooling to divert and slow down lava flow
ADVANTAGE Diverts lava away Low cost
DISADVANTAGE Only works for low VEI lava
MODIFY THE VUNRABILITY
HIGH TECK SCIENTIFIC MOITORING Monitors volcano behaviour and predict eruptions
ADVANTAGE Predicting eruption is possible in some cases Warning and evacuation can help save lives
DISADVANTAGE Costly, in LDCs, volcanoes aren’t usually monitored Doesn’t prevent property damage
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS AND EDUCATION
ADVANTAGES Low cost and often implemented by NGOs Can save lives through small action
DISADVANTAGES Doesn’t prevent property damage Harder to implement in isolated rural areas
ADAPTION Moving out of harm’s way and relocation
ADVANTAGES Helps save lives and property
DISADVANTAGES High population densities prevent it Disrupts people’s traditional home and traditions
MODIFY THE LOSS
SHORT TERM AID Search and rescue and also food, water, aid and shelter
ADVANTAGE A Can help reduce death toll by saving lived and keeping people alive until long term aid is provided
DISADVANTAGE High costs and technical difficulties in isolated areas Emergency services are limited and are poorly equipped in LDC
LONG TERM AID Reconstructions plant to rebuild an area and improve resilience
ADVANTAGE Reconstruction can help improve resilience through land use planning and better construction methods
DISADVANTAGE high costs Needs are quickly forgotten by the media shortly are the disaster
INSURANCE Compensation to replace losses
ADVANATGES Allows people to recover economically for paying reconstruction
DISADVANTAGE Doesn’t help save lives Not many in LDCs have insurance
ROLE OF COMMUNTITIES – In remote and isolated areas, it may take a long time for aid to come and people may begin local recovery operations, communities may clear debris from roads and set up temporary shelters.
ROLE OF NGOS AND TNCS NGOs play a very important role from providing funds, coordination rescue efforts and helping to develop reconstruction plans. Occasionally, TNCs and NGOs may cooperate; Charity buckets or events may be organised by businesses to improve IGOs ability to help.