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Immune system Alissa Tagle Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Immune system
Alissa Tagle
Period 3
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Smallpox
an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus that cases a rash on the body
Maleria
A disease transmitted by plasmodium through single or several mosquito bites
Ring Worm Infection
small worm that lives in the colon or rectum of the human body
Haemophilus Influenzae type B (HIB)
serious illness caused by bacteria
Measels
viral respiratory illness
Tuberculosis (TB)
disease caused by germs that affect lungs which are spread from person to person by/through air
Polio Virus
a disabling and life threatening; can infect the spinalcord and cause paralysis disease cause by polinuinus
Whooping Cough
a very contagious respiratory illness
Meningitis
a bacterial infection of fluid surrounding the brain or spinal cord that causes swelling in the brain
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD)
in children under 5 causing sores in mouth and rash
Rubella
contagious viral infection that is known for the red rash it causes
Hepatitis B
contagious liver infection by hepatitis B
Toxoplasmos
food borne illness caused by single cell parasite
Tetanus
infectious disease caused by clostridiumtetani
Chickenpox
Varicella(chickenpox) is a contagious disease cause by the varicella zosters virus (vzv)
Cholera
acute life-threatening bacterial disease
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Thymus
Location
: superior surface of the head
Function
:site of T cell maturation
Tonsils
Location
: back of the throat
Function
: helps filter out germs that enter through nose and mouth
Spleen
Location
: left-hand side of abdomen between 9th and 11th ribs
Function
:
-cleanses blood and removes aged or defective rbc's
Peyer's Patches
Location
: Small intestine(ileumalea)
Function
: balances flora levels and pathogens; prevents large number of infections
Red Bone Marrow
Location
: End portions of long bones
Function
: hematopoietic tissue; produces all formed elements including RBC's
Lymph Node
Location
: neck, armpits, groin
Function
:
-cleanse lymph
-site for activation and proliferation
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificially Acquired Immunity:
Artificially acquired passive immunity
: injection of gamma cells,
short term
Artificially acquired active immunity
: vaccines; weakened/dead pathogens;
long term
bc memory b cells are produced
Naturally Acquired Immunity:
Naturally acquired passive immunity
:passed from mother to fetus;
short term
Naturally acquired active immunity
: exposure to antigen;
long lasting
, antibodies and memory b cells are produced
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral Response
Humoral immune response
: antibodies travel through the body fluids to attack and destroy antigens
Produces antigen specific antibodies (destroys outside cell)
Cellular Response
Cellular immune response(cell mediated)
: response theough cell to cell contact as activated T cells interact directly with antigen-bearing cells
Not producing antigen specific antibodies (destorys inside cell)
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Lymphatic:
-second circulatory system
-carry away excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces, eventually returning to blood
Immune
:
-identify pathogens and eliminate them from body
-creates immunological memory cells to attack pathogen if encountered again
-protects from microorganism
-removes toxins
-destroys tumor cells
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Second Line of Defense
-Chemical barriers
-NK cells
-Inflammation
-Fever
-Phagocytosis
Purpose
: stop the spread of pathogens (unspecific)
Third Line of Defense
-Cellular immune response
-Humoral immune response
Purpose
: attacks pathogens specifically, their toxins or metabolic products
First line of Defense
Mechanical barriers(unbroken skin & mucous membrane)
Purpose
: prevent the entry of certain pathogen by providing a physical separation of pathogens and internal tissues
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate Immune Defense
Guard against many types of pathogens
Defenses
natural killer cells
Defend the body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances called perforins, which lyse(break apart) cell membrane of pathogen
NK cells also secrete substances that enhance inflamation
small group of lymphocytes, other than T cells and B cells
inflammation
Characteristics
: redness, swelling, heat, and pain
function of inflammation is to stop the spread of pathogens and infections
A tissue response to injury or infection
Major evens of inflamation
3) attraction of white blood cells into the affected area, for
phagocytosis
4) Blood clotting and fibrin thread formation
5) Fibroblasts secrete chemicals that produce a sac around the area to wall off infection; inhibits spread of infection
2) increased capillary permeability, which leads to edema and heat
1) dilation of blood vessels, increase of blood volume(cause redness)
chemical barriers
Acidic environment provided by HCI in gastric juice is lethal to some pathogens
Enzyme, such as pepsin in the stomach and lysozyme in tears, destroy many pathogens
chemicals that kill many pathogens
Interferons, hormone-like peptides secreted by lymphocytes and fibroblasts when viruses or tumor cells are present, block viral replication and slow tumor growth
phagocytosis
most active phagocytes are neutrophils and monocytes, which leave bloodstream in areas of injury
phagocytes are attracted to the injured area by
chemotaxis
; attracted to chemicals of injured cells
engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, and debris
Neutrophils engulf smaller particles;monocytes attack larger ones
monocytes give rise to macrophages outside the blood; which are either free or become fixed in various tissues
mechanical barriers
prevent the entry of certain pathogen by providing a physical separation of pathogens and internal tissues
Examples: unbroken skin & mucous membranes of the body
includes hair mucus, & sweat
*First Line of Defense
fever
fever provides a hostile environment for pathogens that reproduce best under normal human conditions
elevated body temp causes the liver and spleen to take up iron, reducing the amount in the blood, and keeping it from fungi or bacteria, which need it for growth and metabolism
results in elevated body temp
phagocytic cells attack with greater vigor when the temp rises
occurs when body temp is reset to a higher set point
Species resistance
based on:
1) different chemical environments
2) body temp that doesn't provide conditions required by pathogens
3) Presence or absence of receptors for particular type of pathogen
a speices is resistant to disease that affects other species
Adaptive Immune Defense
response against only a specific type of pathogen;
responds slowly
accomplished by
specialized lymphocytes
, which secrete
cytokines
and
antibodies
preformed by lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and remember specific foreign molecules on particular pathogens
includes
humoral response
and
cellular response
Antigens and antibodies
Antibodies: a protein produced by immune system to attack a specific antigen not found on persons cells
Antigens: a molecule that evokes an immune response
Passive vs. Active immunity
Passive
: obtained by receiving antibodies; no antigen contact, no memory B cells,
Short-Term
Active
: obtained through antigen exposure; memory B cells,
Long-Term
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Multipotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Lymphoid progenitor cell
B Cell
adaptive
completes development in bone marrow
internalizes antigen
T Cell
adaptive
completes development in thymus
Helper T cell
secretes cytokines that coordinate macrophages & b cells
can only see antigen on MHC II
Cytotoxic T cell
kills target cells
kills specific antigen on MHC I
Natural killer cells
inate
completes development in bone marrow
*has granules
large
Myeloid progenitor cell
Dendritic cell
*presents antigens(connects innate and adaptive immune system)
does phagocytosis :check:
releases cytokines(attracts other immune cells)
prototypical antigen presenting cell
found in sites that are in contact with external pathogens
Mast cell
lives in tissues
no phagocytosis :forbidden:
causes inflammation in allergic reaction
contains histamine & other proinflammatory molecules
Basophil
no phagocytosis :forbidden:
initiate allergic reactions
contains histamine & other proinflammatory molecules
*granulocyte
stained blue with hematoxylin
Macrophage
*presents antigens
does phagocytosis :check:
releases cytokines
stays in tissue, not in blood
Monocyte
*presents antigens
does phagocytosis :check:
releases cytokines
only in the blood
Eosinophil
Stained pink with eosin
known for fighting hemintric parasites; pokes holes in outer layer of helminths
involved in allergic reactions
less common
contains histamine & other proinflammatory molecules
*granulocyte
no phagocytosis :forbidden:
Neutrophil
polymorphonuclear cells (PMN)
does phagocytosis :check:
*granulocyte