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B4- Organising animals and plants - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Intercostal muscles contracts and rib cage moves up and outwards
        
        Diaphragm contacts and flattens
        
        vol. of thorax increases and pressure decreases
        
        air moves into lungs
      - N-78%
        
        O2-21%
        
        CO2-0.04%
    - - Intercostal muscles relax and rib cage moves down and inwards
        
        Diaphragm relaxes and domes
        
        vol. of thorax decreases and pressure increases
        
        air moves out of lungs
      - N-78%
        
        O2-16%
        
        CO2-4%
      - air is warmer and has less pathogens
    - - Large SA
        
        shape and no. alveoli
      - The wall of the alveolus is one cell thick
        
        short diffusion path
      - rich capillary network close to alveoli (also one cell thick)
      - Blood flows
        
        maintain concentration gradient
      - moist lining
        
        some O2 dissolves in moisture then diffused at its own pace
    - - (around the lungs are the intercostal muscles)
  - - - responsible for transporting oxygen around the body
      - biconcaved- large SA to V ratio
        
        oxygen can diffuse quickly in and out
      - Haemoglobin- protein- makes cells red
        
        binds oxygen to the cell
      - No nucleus or mitochondria
        
        more space for haemoglobin
    - - part of the body's defence system
      - engulf and digest foreign particles (can change shape)
        
        phagocytosis
    - - part of the immune system
      - produce antibodies
        
        target foreign particles through mitosis
      - produce antitoxins
    - - fragments of thrombocytes
        
        no nucleus
      - clot blood when a blood vessel is damaged
        
        prevents blood loss/ microorganisms
      - initiate the response by rushing to the scene
        
        complex series of chemical reactions converts a soluble protein into an insoluble protein
        
        forms a net
      - fibrinogen -> fibrin
    - - water based liquid keeping blood cells suspended
      - mostly water- good solvent
        
        e.g. glucose, fibrinogen dissolved in it
      - liver produces the most heat energy- dissipates the energy
  - - - arteries
        
        carry blood away from the heart
        
        elastic and muscle tissue
        
        oxygenated
        
        high pressure
        
        narrow/small lumen
        
        thicker walls
      - veins
        
        carry blood to the heart
        
        deoxygenated
        
        low pressure
        
        has valves
        
        thinner walls
        
        wide/large lumen
      - capillaries
        
        carry blood between arteries and
        veins
        
        middle pressure
        
        tiny lumen
        
        1 cell thick
        
        both types of blood
    - - double circulatory system
    - - 2 atria contract simultaneously to force blood into the ventricles
        
        ventricles contract and force blood out of heart
        
        this is influenced by nervous input from the brain
    - - Irregular heartbeat
        
        artificial pacemaker
        
        instantly fixes problem
        
        risk with surgery
        
        electricity can interfere with it
        
        too low - fatigue (less energy)
        
        too high - strain on the heart
      - Valve malfunctions
        
        artificial valves
        
        human-made, e.g. titanium
        
        risk of surgery
        
        last for a long time
        
        prone to blood clots (rough surface)
        
        medication for life
        
        biological valves
        
        e.g. from pig/cattle/human
        
        supply issue
        
        risk of surgery
        
        lasts for a shorter time (needs replacing)
        
        symptoms
        
        trauma
        
        congenital
        
        infection
        
        reduced vol. of blood expelled per beat
      - Blocked coronary arteries
        
        Statins (drugs)
        
        cheap
        
        few side effects
        
        long-term (life long)
        
        very effective and safe
        
        help reduce fatty substances (blood cholesterol) in the blood
        
        Stents (metal mesh)
        
        immediate relief
        
        risks from surgery
        
        safe & effective
        
        needs to be replaced
        
        take blood thinners
        
        to prevent blood clots
        
        Symptoms
        
        chest pain
        
        fatigue
        
        breathless