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Acute Coronary Syndrome - Coggle Diagram
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Pathophysiology of ACS and PAD
ACS
underlying pathophysiology in ACS is decreased blood flow to part of heart musculature which is usually secondary to plaque rupture and formation of thrombus. Sometimes ACS can be secondary to vasospasm with or without underlying atherosclerosis.
PAD
PAD usually involves atherosclerotic disease in the abdominal aorta, iliac, and femoral arteries. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves complex interactions between cholesterol and vascular cells.
Risk Factors and Etiology
Risk Factors
smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, male sex, physical inactivity, family obesity, and poor nutritional practices.
Etiology
Most often caused by plaque rupture or clot formation in the heart's arteries (atherosclerosis)
Complication
Atrial arrythmias, ventricular arrythmias, heart failure, pericarditis, myocardial rupture, recurrent ischemia
Supporting examination
EKG, complete blood count, chest radiograph, lipid profile, cardiac enzyme, random blood glucose.
Definition and Classification
Refers to a group of diseases in which the blood flow to the heart is inadequate resulting inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the myocardium. Commonly caused by the atherosclerotic disease.
Unstable Angina
STEMI
NSTEMI
Pharmacological Treatment
Aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin, tirofibran, beta-blockers, statin, ace-inhibitor, dobutamine
Non pharmacological treatment
Regular exercise, lowering body weight, diet and nutrition changes
Prognosis and Education
Healthy diets known to help patients with ACS, include the Mediterranean diet and a diet high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and seafood, with limited salt and sugar. Simply having a healthy diet and limiting alcohol reduces heart attack risk by onethird.
Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain
Pericarditis, Endocarditis, Aorta Dissection, Costochondritis, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, GERD, Cholecystitis, Pancreatitis.
Clinical Manifestation of ACS
Chest pain, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, shortness of breath, diaphoresis, spreading pain through arm, shoulders, back, neck or jaw.
Diagnostic Algorithm
History taking
Squeezing chest pain, spreading area +, hypertension, smoking habit +.
Physical Examination
Vital sign, head to toe.
Supporting examination
Complete blood count, EKG, chest radiograph, lipid profile, random blood glucose, cardiac enzyme.