HISPANIC DOMINANCE
THE UNIVERSAL CHRISTIAN EMPIRE OF CARLOS V
THE HISPANIC MONARCHY UNDER FELIPE II
THE HISPANIC KINGDOMS UNDER CARLOS V AND FELIPE II
Territories inherited by Carlos V
No real political unity in this vast empire
Carlos of Habsburg was the grandson of the Catholic Monarchs
Wars in the empire
Councils system
Fight for dominance and economic problems
Inheritance and rule
Rebellions during Felipe II's reign
Rebellions during Carlos V’s reign
The Economy
Lot of social problems during the 16th century
He inherited a large empire from his four grandparents
From his mother, Juana I (‘la Loca’)
From his father, Felipe I (‘el Hermoso’)
From his paternal grandfather, Maximilian I of Austria
The kingdoms of the Catholic Monarchs (1518)
This included the Crowns of Aragón and Castilla, with their extensive territories in the Mediterranean and America
In Spain, members of the Habsburg family were known as the Austrias, the royal family, called the House of Austria
The kingdoms of his paternal grandmother, Mary of Burgundy, (1506)
These included Flanders and Burgundy
Austria
The right to the title of emperor (1519)
Other territories in the Holy Roman Empire
The reign of Carlos V
The only thing the kingdoms had in common was the sovereign
The Empire included two key areas
Flanders
Castilla
Its rich trade and craft sectors
Important financial resources that were reinforced by the arrival of precious metals from America
Carlos V’s main aspiration was to establish a universal Christian Empire
Based on the old medieval idea of the unity of all Christian kingdoms under one imperial leader
He tried to become the dominant ruler in Europe so that he could defend the interests of Catholicism
This groups were opposed to this
The Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
France
The Ottoman Empire
The pope
Because of its traditional hostility towards Aragón, Burgundy and Austria, now territories ruled by Carlos V
The French King Francis I
Tried to become Holy Roman Emperor, but failed
Was expanding through the Balkans, threatening Austrian territories
He feared that the emperor would become the head of Christendom
His territories were almost completely surrounded by those of Carlos V
Carlos V
Abdicated in 1556
His inheritance
Divided between his brother Fernando and his son Felipe II
Fernando inherited
Felipe II
Inherited
Reigned between 1556 and 1598
The kingdoms of
Spain
Burgundy
The Habsburg Empire
The right to the imperial title
Castilla was the kingdom that made the greatest financial contribution to the Empire
Felipe II
Chose Madrid as Spain’s capital (1561)
During his reign, he completed the implementation of a system of monarchical government
Started by the Catholic Monarchs
Based on a system of councils
During the reigns of Carlos V and Felipe II
Various councils were created
The Council of State
The Councils of Flanders
The Council of the Indies
Portugal and the Treasury
The Council of Italy
The Council of the Chamber of Castilla
Responsible for appointments
To run Castilla’s Treasury
For foreign policy
The governing body of Spain’s colonies
Separate from the Council of Aragón
Located in the Alcázar of Madrid
As a result of the monarchy’s dominance and staunch support of the Counter-Reformation
Felipe II was able to maintain his international policy thanks to his powerful royal armies
Felipe II recognised as the king of Portugal by the Portuguese Courts of Tomar, in 1580
Tercios
Sebastian I of Portugal died without an heir in 1578
Felipe II’s foreign policy was characterised by wars against four main powers
Felipe II, (a relative) claimed his crown
Antonio of Portugal,(grandson of Manuel I), also claimed the throne
He was suupported by the nobility and merchants
He was supported by the cities and working classes
He invaded Portugal and defeated his opponent
Portugal kept its own laws and government institutions
They incorporate all the Portuguese colonies into his kingdom
He gained an empire of global proportions
Felipe II gained two more enemies in addition to those he inherited from Carlos V
England
Flanders
A rebellion (caused by the arrival of Calvinism and economic problems)
Began in 1566, led by William of Orange and other noblemen
A Protestant kingdom
Began to compete for control of the
Atlantic Ocean
American territories
Funded by precious metals from America and money collected primarily in Castilla
The Royal Treasury went bankrupt on several occasions
Most members of the tercios were volunteers
Their squads were compact and mobile
Military infantry units from the Habsburg army
They used firearms
They revolutionised military strategy and played a key role in the military success of the Hispanic Monarchy
Banditry in the Crown of Aragón
Outlaws attacked travellers and rich property owners in large rural areas
Even members of the lower nobility became bandits
In addition, there were also four major rebellions
The population had not stopped growing since the 15th century
Meanwhile, the monarchy’s foreign policy required higher taxes, making the population poorer
The economy of the Hispanic kingdoms
This foreign policy also affected foreign trade
Grew throughout the 16th century
It began to decline in the last few decades
The agricultural sector was not meeting the demand for food
The Revolt of the Comuneros
The Revolt of the Germanías
The war of the Alpujarras
The revolt of Aragón
Started in Castilla (1520)
Opposed to the appointment of Flemish noblemen to some of the kingdom’s most important positions
The revolt was led by Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado
Protest by members of the nobility and the wealthy middle class in Spain’s large cities
There were major revolts in the kingdoms of Valencia and Mallorca (1519 -1523)
Suppressed through collaboration between the royal army and the nobility
The result of
Oppression by the nobility in rural areas, government corruption in cities, and the large debts owed by town councils
The moriscos were expelled from Granada and sent to other parts of the Crown of Castilla
They were suspected of conspiring with Berber and Ottoman pirates
In 1568, the moriscos in the Kingdom of Granada revolted against the prohibition of some of their customs
The rebellion was put to an end in 1571
The main protagonists were members of the lower nobility, artisans and the working classes in Zaragoza, Teruel, Albarracín, Caspe and Daroca
The rebellion was suppressed by the royal army between 1591 and 1592
The result of long-standing social conflict
Occurred in 1591