10.1 Religious reforms
The Catholic Church in crisis
The Protestant reformation
The Catholic Church was challenged
Humanism emphasised the value of humans
Promoted individual interpretation of the Bible
The aim was to encourage personal, critical religious thinking
The development of authoritarian monarchies meant that
Monarchs had more control over the Church
The buying and selling of indulgences was introduced
This meant that sins would be forgiven if you gave money to the Church
This was criticised by both preiests and humanists
There were many other harmful practices at the heart of the Church
Some people called for reforms
Correcting moral standards
Preventing corruption
Living humbly
The higher clergy was very wealthy
This was not consistent with the Christian doctrine of poverty
Priests sometimes didn't honour their religious vows
Clergymen engaged in corrupt practices
Buying and selling church offices and titles
Illegally giving church positions to family members
Despite many people calling for reform, the Church was resistant to change
Important figures such as Erasmuss of Rotterdam and Cardinal Cisneros
Called for changes so that the Church could become more modern
Lutheran reformation
This religious reform of the 16th century was started by Martin Luther
In 1517, Luther wrote his ninety-five theses criticising indulgences
The Pope asked Luther to retract his theses, but he refused
He was expelled from the Christian community
Luther then developed his own doctrine based on individual Christianity
Lutheran doctrine
Christian doctrine
Salvation through faith
Free interpretation of the Bible
Reformation of sacraments (2 sacraments--> Baptism and Eucharist)
Universal priesthood
Religious orders prohibited
Salvation through good works
Church's interpretation of the Bible (the only one)
7 sacraments
Hierarcical structure (Priests must be celibate)
Religious orders
Calvinism
The English reformation
John Calvin established this theocracy in Geneva
Calvinism follows this principles
Belief in predestination
Humility and austerity
Strict adherence of the Bible
Influence of Calvinism
Calvinists in France were called Huguenots
Calvinists in the Low Countries, Scotland and England were called Puritans
In England religious reform was more politically motivated than theologically
Henry VIII asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
The pope refused and as a result the Act of Supremacy was passed
During the reign of Elizabeth I, religious doctrine combined aspects of Catholisism and Lutheranism
Henry VIII became the head of the Church of England
The Church of England went out from the Catholic Church
This included
Justification by faith
Free interpretation of the Bible
Ban on the worship of images
The Anglican's Church hierarcy was similar to the Church's hierarcy and included more sacraments
The Catholic reformation: The counter/Reformation
The Council of Trent was held
During this meeting, a programme of changes was formulated
In respons to the Protestant Reformation
The Church's hierarcical form was reafirmed
One of the most important principles was the salvation achieved through faith and good works
The Vulgate Bible was the only valid version
The Catholic Church's interpretation of it was the only correct one
The seven sacraments and worship of the Virgin Mary and Saints were mantained
Priests and the high clergy needed to have better discipline and doctrine
The consolidate work of the council, the Inquisition was strengthened
A list of prohibited books was created
Compañia de Jesus was created by Ignacio de Loyola to promote Catholisism
