religious reform
the catholic church in crisis
beginning of the Modern Age
authority of the Catholic Church was being challenged
people decided to adapt their beliefs to the time
Humanism
emphasised the value of humans
promoted individual interpretation of the Bible
development of authoritarian monarchies
buying and selling of indulgences was introduced
monarchs had more control over the Church
sins could be pardoned in exchange for money given to the Church
Living humbly
The high clergy was very wealthy
many believed that this was not consistent with the Christian doctrine of poverty
Correcting moral standards
Priests sometimes did not honour their religious vows
Preventing corruption
Clergymen engaged in corrupt practices,
simony
nepotism
the Church was resistant to change
Catholic society believed that sin was the root of all evil
the protestant reformation
the lutheran reformation
first religious reform of the 16th century
was started by the German friar Martin Luther
Martin Luther
opposed Pope Leo X’s proposal
to grant indulgences in exchange for money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican
The pope asked Luther to retract his theses, but he refused
Luther then developed his own doctrine based on individual Christianity
Lutheran ideas spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire
he condemned Lutheranism at two imperial assemblies
Diet of Worms (1521)
Diet of Speyer (1529)
catholic doctrine
lutheran doctrine
Salvation through faith
Reformation of the sacraments
Free interpretation of the Bible
Universal priesthood
Religious orders,
achieve salvation
Church’s interpretation of the Bible was the only valid interpretation
follow all precepts
Church’s official Latin version was known as the Vulgate Bible
Catholicism had seven sacraments
The Catholic Church had a well-defined hierarchical structure
calvinism
Protestant ideas they became even more radical
John Calvin (1509–1564) established a theocracy in Geneva
This system of government was based on
Strict adherence to the Bible
Belief in predestination
Humility and austerity
the english reformation
England
eligious reform was more politically motivated than theologically motivated
King Henry VIII
annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragón
marry Anne Boleyn
The pope refused
as a result, the Act of Supremacy (1534) was passed
During the 44-year reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
religious doctrine combined aspects of both Catholicism and Lutheranism.
the influence of calvinism
Calvinists in France were called Huguenots
where Catharism had thrived before
was eliminated by the pope’s crusade
Calvinists in the Low Countries
were called Puritans
the catholic reformation: the counter reformation
The Catholic Church tried to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation
by carrying out an internal reform, called the Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent was held
a programme of changes was formulated in response to the Protestant Reformation
Church’s hierarchical structure was reaffirmed,
Vulgate Bible was the only valid version
seven sacraments and worship of the Virgin Mary and saints were maintained
high clergy needed to have better discipline and training
Inquisition was strengthened