RELIGIOUS REFORMS
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CRISIS
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION: THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The buying and selling of indulgences was introduced
Humanism
Calvinism
The English Reformation
Lutheran and Catholic Doctrine
The Influence of Calvinism
The Lutheran Reformation
The Catholic Church
The Council of Trent
At the beginning of the Modern Age
The authority of the Catholic Church
People believed
Emphasised
The aim was to encourage personal, critical religious thinking
Promoted
Invention of the printing press (these ideas began to spread)
The development of authoritarian monarchies
Sins
For Catholics, this was a way of becoming more spiritually and morally relaxed
This was criticised by both priests and humanists
There were many other harmful practices at the heart of the Church
Some people called for reforms
Living humbly
Correcting moral standards
Preventing corruption
The high clergy was very wealthy
Many believed that this was not consistent with the Christian doctrine of poverty
Clergymen from noble and wealthy middle-class families
Owned large properties
Benefited from tithe payments
Priests
Sometimes did not honour their religious vows
They were not able to give proper spiritual guidance to their parishioners
Clergymen engaged in corrupt practices
Simony
Buying and selling church offices and titles
Nepotism
Illegally giving church positions to family members
Many people was calling for reform but the Church was resistant to change
Catholic society believed that sin was the root of all evil
Therefore, reinforced the perception that the Church needed to be reformed because of its sins
Important figures (Erasmus of Rotterdam, Cardinal Cisneros...)
Called for changes so that the Church could become more modern
Others questioned the pope and the Church’s official doctrine
Was being challenged
It was not honouring its spiritual principles
Was failing to adapt to the times
Monarchs had more control over the Church
Weakening the authority of the pope
Individual interpretation of the Bible
The value of humans
Could be pardoned in exchange for money given to the Church
Protestant ideas
Based on the following principles
Spread throughout Europe
Reached the cantons of the Swiss Confederation
There, they became even more radical
John Calvin
French priest
1509–1564
Established a theocracy
In Geneva
Strict adherence to the Bible
Belief in predestination
Humility and austerity
This was the only expression of God’s will
Everyone is born predestined either to be
Saved
Condemned
Although financial and social success were not punished
During the 44-year reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
In England
Calvinism spread throughout European territories and kingdoms
Calvinists in France (Huguenots)
Calvinists in Low Countries (Scotland and England) (Puritans)
Lutheran Doctrine
Catholic Doctrine
The pope asked Luther to retract his theses
Lutheran ideas spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire
The first religious reform of the 16th century
Started by Martin Luther
Opposed Pope Leo X’s proposal
To grant indulgences
In exchange for money to build
St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican
In 1517
Wrote his Ninety-five Theses criticising indulgences
With the printing press, they were circulated widely
He refused
He was excommunicated, i.e. expelled from the Christian community
He developed his own doctrine based on individual Christianity.
Emperor Carlos V intervened
He tried to seek a compromise between Luther and the Catholic Church
He later condemned Lutheranism at two imperial assemblies
The Diet of Worms (1521)
The Diet of Speyer (1529)
At this assembly, 6 reformist princes and 14 cities protested Luther’s condemnation (they became known as Protestants)
This marked the start of hostilities
Between the Protestant and the Catholic princes (led by the emperor
Tried to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation
They carried out an internal reform (the Counter-Reformation)
The aim was to rectify problems and oppose Protestant doctrine
A programme of changes was formulated
In response to the Protestant Reformation
To stop the crisis in the Catholic Church
The main agreements reached:
The Vulgate Bible
The 7 sacraments and worship of the Virgin Mary and saints
The Church’s hierarchical structure was reaffirmed
Maintained
Salvation through faith
Free interpretation of the Bible
To save your soul
The Church’s involvement wasn´t required
You needed to have very strong faith
Anyone could interpret the Bible’s message
The Church’s interpretation of it was not the only valid one.
Reformation of the sacraments
Baptism
The Eucharist
Universal priesthood
Religious orders, and the worship of images of the Virgin Mary and saints were prohibited
Lutherans rejected
The hierarchy of the Catholic Church
The authority of the pope
Protestant pastors replaced priests, but they did not have to be celibate
To achieve salvation
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible
Catholicism had seven sacraments
The Catholic Church had a well-defined hierarchical structure
Religious and military orders, and worshipping the Virgin Mary and saints
Follow all precepts
You must have faith
Do good works
Pilgrimages, paying for indulgences...
Commandments, sacraments...
The only valid interpretation
The Church’s official Latin version
The Vulgate Bible
Baptism
Penance
The Eucharist
Matrimony
Confirmation
Anointing of the Sick
Holy Orders.
Very important
Separating the high and low clergy, with many different ranks whose members had to be celibate
Priests and the high clergy
Needed to have better discipline and training
To consolidate the work of the council
A list of prohibited books, (anti-Catholic), was created
The Compañía de Jesús was created by Ignacio de Loyola
The Inquisition was strengthened
To promote Catholicism
The religious situation in europe in the mid-16th century
Successful in the south of the kingdom
Catharism had thrived before it was eliminated by the pope’s crusade
At the beginning of the 13th century
Religious conflicts between Huguenots and Catholics caused instability, violence and wars in France (16th century)
Thousands of Huguenots killed in the St Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572)
Began as a series of events
Changed the Huguenots
Weakened the French monarchy
In the 17th century
They believed that
Puritanism developed here because
Many Puritans emigrated to English colonies on the east coast of North America
Of dissatisfaction with the lack of judgement established by the English Reformation.
The Church of England needed to be purified of the influence of Catholicism
Religious reform was more politically motivated than theologically
King Henry VIII asked the Catholic Church to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragón
To could marry Anne Boleyn
The pope refused, and the Act of Supremacy (1534) was passed
The act granted Henry VIII royal supremacy, he became head of the Church of England
Sparated him from the Catholic Church
The Church’s power was diminished under the English monarchs
Religious doctrine combined aspects of both Catholicism and Lutheranism
The Anglican Church’s hierarchy
Similar to the Catholic hierarchy
Included more sacraments