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01 RELIGIOUS REFORMS, image, image, image - Coggle Diagram
01 RELIGIOUS REFORMS
2 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION:
Martin Luther.
First religious reform (16th)
He opposed Pope Leo X’s
Pope Leo proposal
indulgences in exchange of money
(1517) Luther wrote:
Ninety-five Theses
criticising indulgences
thanks to the printing press
circulated widely
pope asked to retract
he refused
Because that:
he was therefore excommunicated
He developed his own doctrine
why?
he was excommunicated
he didn't agree
Lutheran ideas spread
throughout Holy Roman Empire
Carlos V intervened
First, he tried to seek
a compromise between
Catholic Church
Luther
Later,
condemned Lutheranism
two imperial assemblies:
2 more items...
because of that:
2 more items...
LUTHERAN DOCTRIN:
Religious orders:
no saint
no Mary
Free interpretation of the Biblie
salvation throught faith
No Pope or priestry
thry were pastors
sacraments
eucarist
baptism
diet of worms
meeting place
95 theses
Catholicsm
worships saints
virgin Mary
salvation throught
good works
precepts
faith
only clergy can:
Interpreted the Biblie
sacraments
Pope is the head
Calvinism:
Protestant ideas spread
throughout Europe
reached Swiss Confederation
French priest called
John Calvin (1509–1564)
established a theocracy
Principes:
Belief in predestination
Humility and austerity
Strict adherence to the Bible
THE ENGLISH REFORMATION
religious reform
politically motivated
King Henry VIII
want to marriage
Anne Boleyn
the pope refused
Act of Supremacy
was passed
Henry VIII royal supremacy
separated the Catholic Church
became head of the Church
Church’s power was diminished
During Isabel I (1558–1603)
religious doctrine combined:
Catholicism and Lutheranism
Anglican Church’s
similar to:
Catholic hierarchy
THE INFLUENCE OF CALVINISM:
In France:
called Huguenots
particularly successful
Catharism
was eliminated
conflicts between Huguenots and Catholics
inestability and violence
Huguenots were killed
weakened the French monarchy.
Low Countries, Scotland and England
were called Puritans
They believed that
England needed to be purified
1 THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CRISIS
at the begining
of the Modren Age
no adapt to the times
not honouring
its spiritual principles
Catholic Church
was being challenged
sins could be pardoned
in exchange for money
priests and humanists
didn't like it
The Catholic give money
because they didn't want
feared going to hell
harmful practices:
Living humbly:
Clergymen from noble
also benefited
wealthy middle-class
also benefited
The high clergy
was very wealth
not consistent
Correcting moral standards
Priests sometimes did not
honour their religious vows
sometimes they didn't
do moral actions
Preventing corruption
Clergymen engaged
in corrupt practices
nepotism
simony
The Church:
resistant to change
Church needed to be reformed
because of its sins
Important figures:
Erasmus of Rotterdam
called for changes
others questioned
become more modern
(church)
Cardinal Cisneros
The Humanism
importance to the Human
aim was to encourage
critical
religious thinking
personal
ideas began to spread
authoritarian monarchies
more control
over the church
3 THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION: THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The Catholic Church
tried to stop Protestant reformation
an internal reform
the Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
programme of changes was formulated
try to stop
the crisis
main agreements reached:
structure was reaffirmed
salvation through faith/good works.
Catholic dogma
Church’s hierarchical
Vulgate Bible
only correct one
were maintained:
worship of the Virgin Mary and saints
seven sacraments
Inquisition was strengthened
a list of prohibited books
better discipline and training
