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1. RELIGIOUS REFORMS, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
1. RELIGIOUS REFORMS
1. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CRISIS
In the Modern Age, people started believing -> Humanism (Catholic Church wasn't good).
Humanism -> individual interpretation of the Bible, personal and critical religious thinking. (Printing press: ideas spread faster)
Authoritarian monarchies -> monarchs had control over the church.
Catholics: buying and selling of indulgences
-> sins were perdoned in exchange of money.
Living humbly
Christian doctrine -> poverty. Clergy and nobles were wealthy (it wasn't consistent).
Correcting moral standards
Priests didn't achieve their religious vows (drikn, live with a woman...).
Preventing corruption
Clergymen participed -> corrupt practices (simony and nepotism).
Resistant to change: the church needed to be reformed, more modern because of its sins..
Important figures:
Cardinal Cisneros.
Erasmus of Rotterdam.
2. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
The lutheran reformation
16th century -> Martin Luther started the reformation, Pope Leo X opposed.
1517 -> Martin wrote the Ninety-five Theses, they excommunicated from Christian community.
Luther developed his own doctrine based-> individual Christianity.
Lutheran doctrine
Salvation through faith/ free interpretation of the bible/ 2 sacraments/ universal priesthood (only protestant pastors)/ religious orders -> no.
Catholic doctrine
Salvation through faith/ only clergy can interpret the bible/ 7 sacraments/ Pope is the head/ Whorship saints and Virgin Mary.
Calvinism: protestant ideas spread, Jonh Calvin (French) established theocracy in Geneva. The government laws:
Strict adherence to the Bible
Belief in predestination
Humility and austerity
2. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
The english reformation
King Henry VIII (English monarch) wanted to divorce Catherine and marry with Anne Boleyn.
The pope refused so started -> Act of Supremacy (1534).
King Henry VIII had the control of the church.
In the 44th year reign of Elisabeth I.
The religious doctrine mixed (Catholicism + Lutheranism).
The influence of Calvinism
Calvinists in France -> Huguenots (south of the kingdom). Catharism (south) developed, so the pope's crusade didn't eliminate.
16th centurie -> Huguenots and Catholics had conflicts, Catholics killed thousends of them in the St Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572).
Low countries -> England, Scotland (were called Puritans).
3. THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION: THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Catholic Church stop the Protestant Reformation by -> internal reform.
The Council of Trents main agreements:
Vulgate Bible, only the clergy can interpret.
7 sacraments and the worship of the Virjin Mary and saints.
The Church's hierarchical structure was reaffirmed.
The Inquisition improve, a list of anti-Catholic books was created. Compañia de Jesus (expand Catholicism) -> Ignacio de Loyola.
