Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Sarah Rebolledo period 5 Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Sarah Rebolledo
period 5
Immune System
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Second Line of Defense: Cells and
Chemicals
second-line cells have pattern recognition receptors that recognize and bind
tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm
Innate system necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues
Third line:Specific adaptive response
Goals are to eliminate specific pathogens that have been identified in immunological systems before.
First Line of Defense: Surface Barriers
Physical barrier to most microorganisms
Keratin is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins
Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens: substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune
response
Characteristics of antigens
Can be a complete antigen or hapten (incomplete)
Contain antigentic determinants
Can be a self-antigen
Antibodies are proteins secreted by plasma
cells
Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies
.
Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement fixation
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Pneumonia
Bacterial or viral infection in the lungs
Lung Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection in the respiratory system
Seasonal flu
Viral infection that constantly changes in variations
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder including bronchitis asthma, and emphysema
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificial
By intentionally exposing the body to minuscule amounts of a disease, the body can develop artificial immunity
Naturally
The antibody defense your body produces against a germ after you become infected with it is known as natural immunity.
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate system uses the first and/or second lines of defense to stop attacks by
pathogens
Adaptive immune system is a specific defensive system that eliminates almost any
pathogen or abnormal cell in body
specific: recognizes and targets specific antigens
systemic: not restricted to initial site
memory: mounts an even stronger attack to “known” antigens
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Lymphatic system returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood
returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to blood
Lacteals: specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa
Lymph vessels (lymphatics) include lymphatic capillaries and larger lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic trunks, which are formed by union of largest collecting vessels, drain
large areas of body
Lymph system is a low-pressure system like venous system
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Lymphoid organs and tissues provide structural basis of immune system by housing
phagocytic cells and lymphocytes
tonsils
lymph nodes,
thymus
spleen
Passive vs. Active immunity
Passive
Passive humoral immunity occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into
body
Active
Active humoral immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce
specific antibodies against them
Humoral response and cellular response
T cells provide defense against intracellular antigens
Some T cells directly kill cells; others release chemicals that regulate immune response
T cells are more complex than B cells both in classification and function
Two populations of T cells
CD8 cells become cytotoxic T cells
CD4 cells usually become helper T cells
When B cell encounters target antigen, it provokes humoral immune response
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Dendritic cells
Phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, then enter lymphatics to present
antigens to T cells in lymph node
Macrophages
Present antigens to T cells, which not only activates T cell, but also further
activates macrophage
B cells
Present antigens to helper T cell to assist their own activation
Phagocytes
Phagocytes: white blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
Neutrophils: most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic onexposure to infectious material
Macrophages: develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell