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Dulce Zavaleta The Immune System Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Dulce Zavaleta The Immune System Period 5
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
The Lymphatic organs provide the structural basis of the Immune system by housing Phagocytic cells and Lymphocytes
Lymph Node: is found throughout body. The funtion being that is cleanses lymph and is a site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Spleen: Is found on the left side of the abdominal cavity below organ. It´s function is that it cleanses blood and removesold or defective red blood cells. The spleen also stores plateles, monocytes, and Irons.
Thymus: The Thymus is found in the Inferior Neck. It's function is that it's the site of T cell maturation.
Tonsils: Tonsils found in the back of throat behind the soft plate. The function is to gather and remove pathogens in food or air.
Peyer´s Patches: Found in the ilem. It aids in function, destroys bacteria, and makes memory T cells.
Red Bone Marrow: Found in bones. The function is to produce erythroytes leukocytes and paletes.
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Pinworm Infection
Pinworms are a small round worm that lives in the large intestine. A cause is swallowing or inhaling pinworm eggs. A symptom is a itchy in the anal area and can be treated with medication.
meningitis
meningitis is an inflammation of the projectile membrane covering the brain and the spinal cord and can be treated with antibodies.
Tetanus
Tetanus is a bacterial infection that causes painful muscle contraction in a person neck & jaw making it hard to open mouth and can be treated by medicine.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a liver infection by Hepatitis B virus and can be treated by antiviral drugs.
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is a microparasite found in humid areas and can be treated with medication.
Polio
Polio is a life threating disease caused by poliovirus and can be treated by resting and pain medication.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD)
Is an illness from a several viruses affecting hands, feet, and mouth and is treated with good medication, and good hygiene.
Small Pox
Is a serious infectious disease caused by variola virus and can be treated by vaccines.
Measles
Is a contagious airborne viral disease evolved from rinderpest and is treated with antibodies.
Cholera
Is a diarrheal illness caused by infection of intestine with virus and cholerae bacteria and can be treated by vaccines.
Pertusis
Is known as the whooping cough and is a contagious respiratory illness that can be treated by antibodies and vaccines.
Rubella
Is known as German measles contagious disease caused by virus and can be treated by vaccines and medication.
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Caused by germs that spread through air and are treated by medication.
Varicella
Is a highly contagious disease caught by varicella-zoster- virus and can be treated by medication and moisturizer.
HIB
An illness caused by bacteria called H influnzae and treated by vaccines, medication, and breathing support.
A disease caused by parasites that are transmitted by female mosquito bites and are treated by medication and antibiotics.
Passive vs. Active immunity
Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity is when ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body and the protection ends when antibodies degrade.
Naturally acquired: antibodies deilvered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk.
Artifically acquired: Injection of serum such as gamma globuin.
Active Immunity
Active Immunity is when B cell encounters antigens and make antibodies.
Naturally acquired: Formed in responce to bacterial or infection
Artificially acquired: Formed in responce to vaccine of attending pathogens (vaccines)
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First Line of Defense
Is the external body membrane which includes skin & mucous membranes. The first line of defense is a physical barrier to most microorganisms. Keratin is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins, while mucosae provide a similar mechanical barrier. So the skin and mucosae membranes produce protective chemicals that inhibit/destroy microorganisms.
Examples
It protects the body from any outside barriers and is an non-specific response
Second Line of Defense
The second line of defense is antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells. The second line of defense is to inhibit the spread of invaders. The second line of defense has lined cells that have pattern recognize and bind tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm.
Examples
If theres a cut on your skin and infection developes and the 2nd line of defense cells start to work.
Third line of defense
The Third Line of defense is a line of defense that attack particular foreign substances. The third line of defense takes longer to react than innate. The thrid line of defense along with the other lines of defense is a system rather than an organ.
Examples
Deeper tissue and cells.
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens
Antigens: Substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response. It targets all adaptive immune responses. The characteristics are that it can complete an antigen or hapten, can be a self-antigen, and lastly, it contains antigenic determinants. An antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response by activating leukocytes that fight disease.
Antibodies
Antibodies: Antibodies are known as Immunoglobulins which are proteins made by plasma cells, they bind to antigens that are detected by B cells. It has the structure of a T and Y-shaped antibody monomer consisting of 4 looping polypeptide chains. It has 2 heavy chains and has 2 light chains. Lastly, the Antibody classes consist of IgM Pentamer, IgA Dimer, IgD Monomer, IgG monomer, and lastly IgE monomer. So in general the main antibody defense against cellular antigens. : : :
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
The cells that are involved in the immune system are Phagocytes, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural Killer cells, B cells, T cells, Dendritic cells, Memory cells, CD4 (helper T cells), CD8 (cytotoxic T cells), and Reticular cells
Phagocytes: White blood cells that eat foreign invaders.
Natural Killer cells: These is nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that polices blood and lymph. NK can kill cancer before the adaptive immune system is activated and these cells kill by apoptosis.
B cells: B cells are a type of white blood cell that make antibodies and develop in Red Bone Marrow.
T cells: T cells are made in the red bone marrow, but develop in the thymus they help protect the body from infection and help fight cancer.
Dendritic cells: Dendritic cells are found in tissues and boost immune responses by showing antigens on their surface to other cells of the immune system.
Memory cells: Memory Cells are used to patrol the area and make the immune system work faster the next time.
CD4 (helper T cells): CD4 cells often become helper t cells. CD4 cells can activate B cells, T cells, and other adaptive immune responses. Lastly, They help activate B cells and other T cells.
CD8 (cytotoxic T cells): CD8 cells become Cytotoxic T cells and can destroy cells that harbor foreign antigens. It Directly attacks and kills other cells.
Reticular cells: Reticular cells are a type of fibroblast that produces reticular fibers. So in general they produce reticular fibers called stroma in lymphoid organs.
Neutrophils: Is a version of Phagocytes and is the most common type, but instead of eating they often die fighting.
Macrophages: Is a type of WBC's that surrounds and kills microorganisms and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate Immune Defense
Innate Immune Defenses: Innate Immune Defenses are the body's 1st and 2nd line of defense and are against all germs entering the body. The Innate Immune Defense consists of the First and Second lines of defense.
First line of Defense is the external body membrane which includes skin & mucous membranes. The first line of defense is a physical barrier to most microorganisms. Keratin is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins, while mucosae provide a similar mechanical barrier. So the skin and mucosae membranes produce protective chemicals that inhibit/destroy microorganisms.
Second line of defense is antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells. The second line of defense is to inhibit the spread of invaders. The second line of defense has lined cells that have patterns that recognize and bind tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm.
Adaptive Immune Defense
Adaptive Immune Defense: Adaptive Immune Defense is a specific defensive system that can eliminate any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body. A few characteristics are that it's specific, it's systemic, and it has memory. Lastly, the adaptive Immune defense has two branches Humoral Immunity and Cellular Immunity
Humoral Immunity is antibodies that are made by lymphocytes and circulate freely in body fluids. Which then temporarily binds to the target cell and then marks it for destruction.
Cellular Immunity is lymphocytes that act against target cells. It directly acts by killing infected cells and acts indirectly by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response, or activate other lymphocytes or macrophages.
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral Response
Humoral Immune Response is when a B cell encounters a target antigen which causes a humoral response. Specific antibodies are made for a specific antigen are made. So the Humoral Response deals with antigens from pathogens that are around infected cells.
Cellular Response
Cellular Immune response is the destruction of infected cells by CD8, or the destruction of pathogens by macrophages. The T cells provide defense by intracellular antigens and some T cells can directly kill cells while others release chemicals that regulate immune responses. CD4 cells are helper T cells and activate B cells, T cells, and Macrophages. Lastly, CD8 cells are Cytotoxic T cells and can destroy cells. This is what Cellular Immune response is, it's the destruction of infected cells.
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificial Immunity: Is made in response to a dead pathogen. A few examples are vaccines and antibodies that were passed down from mother to baby.
Naturally acquired Immunity: I made it in response to exposure to an actual virus or bacteria. For example, getting sick and get an injection serum that provides protection.
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems (include BOTH)
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic system returns the interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to blood via the lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic system are tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight against diseases.
Immune System
The Immune system is what provides the resistance to disease. The Immune system consists of the first, second, and third line of defense. The first line of defense is the external body membranes. The second line of defense is antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells. It also inhibits the spread of invaders. Lastly the third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances.