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Kylie Fraile P.5 Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Kylie Fraile P.5 Immune System
Innate (Nonspecific) System: inhibit the spread of invaders
1st Line of Defense
: External body membranes (skin and mucosae & their secretions) membranes makes protective chems that destroy microorganisms. Physical barriers: KERATIN= resistant to weak acid/bases, bacteria, toxins MUCOSAE= mechanical barriers ENZYMES: fluid kills CILIA: sweep bacteria towards mouth
2nd Line of defense
: Internal defense, phagocytes, NK cells Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes & cells. Inflammation most important. Have "pattern recognition receptors" remember and bind to structures to disarm them
Inflammatory Response:
a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues; triggered whenever body tissues are injured (redness, swelling, heat, pain, sometimes loss of function)
Adaptive (specific)
-
3rd Line:
attacks specific foreign substances (takes longer to react) humoral immunity: B cells and Cellular immunity: T cells
Cells
Lymphocytes:
B lymphocytes:
humoral immunity, secrete antibodies, fight extracellular pathogens, mature in red bone marrow, effector cells= plasma cells, have memory
T lymphocytes:
cellular immunity, don't secrete antibodies, attack intracellular pathogens, mature in thymus. effector cells= cytotoxic t cells, helper t cells, and regularly
Originate in Red Bone Marrow. Naive 1st encounter antigen triggers further development . selected to differentiate into Active Cell by binding to its specific antigen called CLONAL SELECTION. Once picked they proliferate and clone itself.. most clones become EFFECTOR cells and some stay as MEMORY cells.
2nd defense cells:
phagocytes: WBC that EAT invaders
neutrophils:
die fighting, become phagocytic when exposed to infection, phagocytosis and oxidative burst
Macrophages:
chief phagocytes
NK cells:
Nonphagocytic = police blood and lymph , kill cancer & virus infected cell, induce apoptosis
Antigen Presenting Cells:
engulf antigens and present fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition:
Dendritic Cells:
In CT, most effective antigen presenter, mobile sentinels of boundary tissues. Phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, enter lymphatics to present antigens.
Macrophages
: widely distributed in ct and lymphoid organs. In antigens in T cells. Phagocytic Killers also trigger Inflammation response
B cells
: Cant activate Naive Cells, present antigens to helper t cells to assist own activation
T Cells:
Intracellular antigens, some directly kill cells, others release chemicals
. Helper T cells:
ACTIVATE B & T cells, induce proliferation, secrete cytokines that recruit other immune cells. Helper T: CANT HAVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
cytotoxic T cells:
directly attack cells target virus infected cells, foreign cells
Plasma Cells
secrete antibodies
Active humoral Immunity
Naturally Acquired: in response to ACTIVE viral/bacteria infection
Artificially acquired: vaccine
B cells encounter antigen producing antibodies
Passive humoral Immunity
Natural: antibodies delivered from MOM TO BABY to fetus via placenta or like breast milk to babies
Artificial: injection of serum like Gomma globulin. Protection is immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade n
when already made antibodies are introduced into the body. B cells are not challenged by antigens: immunological memories cant occur. Protection ends when antibodies degrade.
Antigens:
Substances that can mobilize adaptive system, provoke immune response and target of all adaptive responses
Can be complete, or incomplete, have antigenic determinants or be a self antigen
Antibodies:
Immunoglobins (Igs)
Proteins secreted by PLASMA group into 5 classes IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
Structure:
T or Y shaped antibody monomer= 4 polypeptide chains 2 identical heavy H chains and 2 identical light L chains. Variable (V) regions at 1 end of each arm combined = Antigens Binding Site
Antibodies dont destroy antigens, they inactivate and tag them form antigen-antigen complexes
Defensive mechanisms:
neutralization, agglutination, precipitation and complement fixation
Neutralization:
simplest, most important. ANTIBODIES BLOCK SPECIFIC SITES ON VIRUSES. preventsn antigens from binding to receptors. Antigen-antibody complexes UNDERGO PHAGOCYTOSIS
Agglutination:
allows antigen-antibody complex become CROSS LINKED form clumps
Precipitation:
soluble molecules NOT CELLS cross linked into complexes. complex precipitate out of solution, those are easier for phagocytes to engulf
Complement fixation and activation:
MAIN response against CELLULAR ANTIGENS. when several antibodies are closely bound on the same antigen then complement binding sites on their stem are alligned.
MALT:
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. Protects from Pathogens. TONSILS, PEYER"S PATCHES, APPENDIX
Lymphoid Organs
Spleen
: Blood rich organ size of fist.BIGGEST lymphoid organ. JUST BELOW STOMACH IN LEFT SIDE OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY
functions:
site of lymphocyte PROLIFERATION and immune system surveillance. CLEANSES blood of Aged cells
Thymus
: superior side of the heart. T CELL MATURE
Lymph Node:
Function:
Cleanses Lymph, site of lymphocyte In major clusters in neck, armpit, groin regions. Immune system activation. Deep in CT near body's surface in clusters
Structure:
surrounded by external fibrous capsule, capsule fibers extend INWARD as TRABECULAE that divide node into components
Cortex:
superficial area of cortex has follicles with germinal centers, filled with divided B cells
Medulla:
extends Inward from cortex have B, T & PLASMA cells
Lymph Sinuses:
found throughout node. large lymphatic capsules spanned by crisscrossing Reticular Fibers. Macrophages reside on fibers, phagocytize matter
circulation:
lymph enters CONVEX side of node via AFFERENT LYMPHATIC VESSELS . travel through Subcapslar sinus then smaller sinuses. lymoh ENTER MEDULLA SINUSES. EXITS CONCAVE side
Tonsils:
Gather and remove pathogens from food and air. DESTROY bacteria. make MEMORY CELLS
Peyer's Patches :
distal part of
small intestine
. Destroys bacteria, prevent from breaching intestinal wall. Generates memory lymphocytes
Functions
Lymphatic:
returns interstitial fluid and leaked Plsasma protein from blood vessels back to blood
Immune:
Provides Resistance to diseases
Diseases
Pinworm Disease:
small round worm that lives in LARGE INTESTINE, orally transmitted, itchy in anal region, infection in genital tract
Meningitis:
inflammation of the protective membranes covering brain and spinal cord, spread through respiratory secretions
tuberculosis:
bacterial infection in respiratory system, spreads through inhaled droplets, bad cough
Toxoplasmosis:
infection caused by microparasite often from eating undercooked meat
Hand, foot, and mouth disease:
illness formed by a variety of viruses affecting hands,feet, and mouth bc of unhygienic practices
Polio:
disabling and sometimes fatal infectious disease that can develop paralysis
Measles:
highly contagious airborne viral disease causes skin rash
Small Pox
cuased by variola virus, progressive skin rash
cholera:
acute diarrheal illness from infection od INTESTINE with virus from eating raw meat or drink bad water
pertussis (whooping cough"
contagious respiratory illness caused by bacteria, common in babies
Hepatitis B:
liver infection by hepatitis B infection. transmitted through sex
Varocella (chicken pox)
highly contagious disease caused by varicella zoster virus that caused rash
tetanus:
bacterial infection that causes painful muscle contraction in neck & jack "Lockjaw"
Rubella:
"german measles" contagious diseases, swollen lymph nodes
HiB- Haemophilus Influenzae:
any illness caused by h. influ. virus like ear infection or stream infection spread through respiratory droplets
Malaria:
mosquito born disease from parasite
IMMUNODEFICIIENCIES
congenital/ acquired conditions that IMPAIR function/production of immune cells
Severe combined immunodeficiencies syndrome (SCID):
genetic defect with marked DEFICIT IN B & T CELLS
Defective Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
: enzyme allows accumulation of metabolites LETHAL to T cells (bone marrow transplant=treatment)
Hodgkin's Disease:
acquirred, causes CANCER OF B CELLS which depresses lymph node cells
Acquired immune deficiency syndromes (AIDS):
no cure, damages the immune system
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):
cripples immune system by interfering with activitu of HELPER T CELLS. transmitted through BODY FLUIDS, depresses CELLULAR IMMUNITY
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
-results when immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign
autoimmunity
: production of autoantibodies and sensitized Tc cells DESTROYS body tissues
Rheumatoid arthritis:
destroys joints
MS:
destroys white matter myelin
graves disease:
causes hyperthyroidism
Mysathenia gravis:
impairs nerve-muscle connections
type 1 diabetes:
destroys pancreatic organs
SLE"
affected multiple organs
glomerulonephritis:
damages kidney
treatment:
suppresses ENTIRE immune system, anti-inflammatory drugs, block cytokine action, blocking co-stimulatory molecules
hummoral vs cellular
.
T CELLS : Lymphocytes act against target cell either Directly—by killing infected cells or Indirectly—by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
B CELLS :Antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, circulate freely in body fluids
Bind temporarily to target cell (mark for destruction)