Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cognitive Psych Summary L.U. 1 - Coggle Diagram
Cognitive Psych Summary L.U. 1
Theme 1:
Nature of Cognitive Psychology
L.O 2:History of Cognitive Psychology
Wundts psychology laboratory:
Structuralism and analytic introspection
Paved the away for later control of research on studies of mental processes (For a range of fields)
Structuralism
breaking down mental processes into the most basic components.
Overall experience - determined - combining elements of experience
Sensations
Analytic Introspection
(Technique) - trained participents describe their sensations, feelings and thoughts = Response to stimuli
Leads shift: rationalists approach to empiricist approach
William James: Princliples of psychology
No experiments: reported observations of his own experience
observation
That paying attention to one thing involves withdrawing from other things
Contribution
First psyc textbook (observations are still valid today)
Donders reaction time experiment
Measured Reaction Time:
How long it takes to make a decision
Simple Reaction Time
Push a button as soon as they see a light (Stimulus)
Choice Reaction Time
Push a coloured button according to the corresponding light shown (stimulus)
Right light = Right Button
Left light = Left button
Slower reaction times in the choice task (1/10 second slower than simple)
(light) stimulus = mental process (perceiving light) = behavioural response (pushing button)
Ebbinghaus memory experiment
Determining the nature of memory and forgetting
How rapidly information - learned - lost over time
Quantitative method: measure memory
Savings: how much info was retained after delay
Savings = (original time to learn list) - time to relearn after delay)
longer delays = smaller savings
learn a list 1st time (recall correctly) - wait for specific time (delay) - determine how long it took to relearn 2nd time
relearns list quicker then the first time
Contribution
memory can be quantified
Savings curve
reduced savings = forgetting with smaller savings = more forgetting
Watson: Behaviourism
Prediction and control of behaviour
Skinner: Operants Conditioning
Focus on - how behaviour is strengthened through positive reinforcements
L.O 3
Rebirth of Cognitive Psychology
Cognative Revolution
Shift of Psych from Behavioural to cognitive psych due to the rise of AI and info theory
Shift from Skinner
To Neisser
His book
Page 13/14
Introduction: Digital Computer
Flow diagrams for mind
1950's
researchers interested
Describing how well the mind can process incoming info
1953
Cherry dichotic listening experiences
result
can detail attended message
1 more item...
2 auditory messages
right ear
1 more item...
left ear
1 more item...
page 12/13
1954
IBM introduced a computer
available to general public
Flow diagrams for computers
1950s
process info in stages
computer process:
Input processor > store > memory unit> process> arithmetic unit> output
info processing approach
trace stages of mental operation
focus on some info not all
new questions/ way of asking
developed in the late 1940's
Looking ahead
Neisser's cognitive psychology textbook
Cognitive psych became the dominant approach of psych
very successful
explain how aspects of human behaviour
cog psych accepts that
cognitive process can be scientifically studied
lead to new theories/experiments
page 14
Artificial Intelligence and Info theory
John McCarthy
prof of maths
coined AI
making a machine expressing human like intelligent behaviour
George Miller
"bits"
smaller units of info
actively recording complex info's
focuses on basic perception skills
new way of thinking
disclosed
new way thinking
Page 13
Newell and Simon
proved math's theorie's
digital computer development
serial processing stages
how computer
programmed
intelligence behaviour
L.O.4
Modern Research in Cognitive Psyc
Role of Models
Process models
Represents: Process involved in cognitive mechanisms
Resource models
Focus: mental effort/ resources - processes require
multiple resouce model
Predicting performance differences in multitasking settings
Structural models
Represents: Physical structure - model mimics the appearance of objects
Purpose: simplifies
Representing structures/process - visualise/explain the structure/process
Benefits for science, society and you
Understanding the functioning of our mind
Cognitive strategies - enhancing learning
Repeated Assessment
Which materials need extra attention and reduced anxiety
Note-taking and elaboration
factual and perceptual understanding
Retrieval-based learning
Act of retrieving info from memory (memorisation)
L.O.1
Define Cognitive Psychology
Study of the human mind and information processing
study of perception, attention, memory, language and thinking
Theme 2:
Brain Anatomy and Cognition
L.O. 5
Neurons as microstructures of the brain and function
Nerve Net
Continuous network of neurons - conduct uninterrupted signals - through complex pathways - connecting in multiple directions
Neural doctrine
idea - individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system, cells are not continuous with other cells
Cell body
Metabolic centre of neurons - contains mechanisms to keep cells alive
Dendrites
Appendages - desgined - recieve communications from cells
Axons
(nerve fibres) Long process = transmits signals from other neurons
Synapse
Small gap between the end of the neuron's axon and the dendrites of another neuron
Neural Circuits
Population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated
Receptors
Neurons - specialised to pick up information from the environment
Resting Potential
Value that stays the same when there is no signals in the neuron
Neurotransmitter (chemical)
Function
makes it possible for the signals to be transmitted across gap (between axon and dendrites)
Sensory Coding
How neurons represent various characteristics of the environment
Sparse Coding
An object could be represented by the firing of a specialised neuron that responds only to that object
Principle of Neural Representation
Everything a person experiences is based not on direct stimuli
But, on representations in the person's nervous systems
L.O.6
Localisation of functions
(damage impact in specific areas)
Specific parts of the brain - responsible for specific functions
Broca's Area
motor speech area
associated with language production
Broca's aphasia
unable to translate their mental images and representations to words
Wernicke's Area
comprehension of speech
associated with language comprehension
Wernicke's aphasia
typically speak fluently, but their speech is often nonsensical and lacks meaning
Double Dissociation
When damage to one area of the brain causes one function to be absence, but another function to be present
E.g. - Person can recognise objects but not face and vice versa
E.g. - Person can speech but can't understand language
Case: Can remember short term memories, but cant hold long term memories
Brain stucture
Frontal lobe
Speech
Parietial lobe
Process sensory information
Temporal lobe
Hearing and memory
Occipital lobe
Visual information process