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technology meeting healthcare - Coggle Diagram
technology meeting healthcare
Anatomy and Physiology
Bone
Bone cells
• Osteoclasts : are large cells that secrete enzymes to break down bone matrix (c - cut)
• Osteoblasts : synthesis bone matrix (b - build)
• Osteocytes : maintain tissue structure
Osteoporosis : drop in bone density
Bone Composition
heterogenous composite material consisting
○ A mineral phase : hydroxyapatite
○ An organic phase ( ~90% type ! Collage, ~5% noncollagenous proteins, ~2% lipids by weight)
○ Water
• If mineral removed = bone is too bendable
• If collagen removed = bone is too brittle
TYPES OF BONES
• Long bones - e.g. humerus
• Short bones - e.g. carpals
• Flat bones - e.g. frontal bone
• Irregular bones - e.g. vertebrate
• Sesamoid bones - e.g. patella
Joints
Fibrous joints – no movement
Cartilaginous joints – slight movement
Synovial joints – free movement
joint capsule
joint cavity with synovial fluid
articular cartilage
Nervous system
graded potentials
step 1 : depolarisation to thershold
step 2 : activation of Na+ channels
step 3 : inactivation of Na+ channels and activation of K+ channels
step 4: return to normal permeability
resting membrane potential : chemically-gated, voltage-gated, mechanically-gated
neurotransmitters : chemical messengers
synapse : pre, post and synaptic cleft
Muscle
characteristics. : Striated, long, cylindrical multinucleate cells, Voluntary, Strong contractions, Not rhythmic
Functional units of myofibrils: Sarcomeres
skeletal muscle histology
Each muscle is made up of bundles of fascicles and is covered by the epimysium • Each fascicle is made up of bundles of muscle fibres (muscle cells) and is surrounded by the perimysium • Each muscle fibre is made up of bundles of myofibrils and is surrounded by the endomysium
Cardiovascular
Chambers : right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
half deoxygenated and half oxygenated
layers of heart : visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
coronary circulation : aorta, left coronary artery, circumflex artery, left anterior descending artery, right coronary artery
heart is a double pump
below the heart : systematic circulation
above the heart : pulmonary circulation
medical imaging
image artefacts
degraded image quality : loss of contrast, loss of resolution, increase noise, blurring, streaking, ghosting
motion artifact dependencies
scanner : tomo v planar, sptial resolution, temporal resolution
other factors : use of support, image recon, physiological staus
motion : amplitude, duration, velocity, periodic v random, rigid v non-rigid
Familiar Tomographic Imaging Modalities
CT : Computed Tomography
Image reconstruction
MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PET : Positron Emission Tomography
SPECT : Single Photon Emission CT
motion
voluntary
head/body motion: anxiety, boredom, discomfort, etc
involuntary
organ motion : cardiac and respiratory
head/body motion: reflexes, tremor
preventing motion
DRUGS - sedation/anaesthesia OR Paralysis
FORCIBLE RESTRAINT - non-invasive: thermo-plastic mask OR invasive : stereotactic frame, other surgical fixation
motion correction
excluding corrupt data, image registration, gating, deconvolution, data-driven approaches
event-by-event based compensation
biomedical modelling
data acquisition
solid modelling
numerical analysis
microfluidics fundamentals
mass diffusion
flow regime
laminar : steady, parallel, with no interaction/disruption
turbulent : unsteady, interact with each other
droplet generation
manipulation : splitting, merging, multiple emulsions
size/frequency
cell encapsulation/cell sorting
Regulatory Affairs
Design control
design inputs
design outputs
verification
using standard
performance to manufacturer's specification
chemical physical and biological properties
sterilisation
powered devices (electrical safety, EMC, etc)
product information
validation (clinical data)
Design Transfer
Design History File
Technical File
Device Master Record
ethics and social responsibility
values
morals
personal rules that govern how we behave towards others
moral codes built from upbringing, culture, life experiences and religious beliefs
ethics
distinctions
macro responsibilites: environment, technology, customer/stakeholder/social
micro : whistleblowing, falsifying records, respecting intellectual property, corporate responsibilities and loyalties
system of moral principles, by which human actions and proposals may be judged good or bad, right or wrong
ethical theories
rights ethics
virtue ethics
duty ethical
utilitarianism
ethical egoism
resolving ethical dilemmas
flowcharting
Line drawing
tissue engineering
cells
cell free constructs
cellular construct
in vivo implanation
in certain conditions - can be used without eliciting acute toxic response
classifications of tissue
soft tissue : skin, liver, brain and cartialge
hard tissue : bone
top-down approach VS bottom-up approach
engineering
mechanobioloigy
therapeutics (drug delivery), diagnostics and imaging
controlled delivery allowing drug levels to not reach toxic level
using microfluidics to control and program cell growth, at a single cell level
biofabrication : Printers
bioprinting technologies with 3D imaging approaches potential to develop 3D systems of clinical relevance
biomaterials
types : metals, bioceramics, polymers, biologically derived materials, biocomposites
nanomaterials/nanoparticles
therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging
Opsonization: the bane of all intravenous NP
delivery for in vivo applications
evading by coating the surface or activating the complement protein system
passive : enhanced permeability and retention effect
unintended accumulation of NP occurs in non-targeted organs
active : ligand-receptor interaction
cerebral palsy
physical disability that affects movement and posture
implants : current treatments are surgery with permanent loss of functions although future treatments using engineering should hopefully include selective muscle control
solution : sending small electrical signal into a nerve stops the muscles from receiving the contraction signal
implants injected by a non-surgical clinician
brain computer interface
reduce re-calibrations
increase privacy
direct eye-communcation
context dependent
neonatal intensive care
Music EEG
3D printing virtual twin mannikins
physiological signal analysis
resuscitation monitoring
17 million people affected : with the most common form being spastic (70-80%), ataxic (6%), dyskinetic (6%), mixed types
sleep
sleep disorders
sleep apnoea : disorder characterised by interruption of breathing during sleep
impacts : impaired cognition, reduce quality of life, increased increase and accidents, lost of productivity, impaired blood pressure and sugar
insomnia : difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintain sleep
two-process models of how sleep works
circadian rhythms (process c)
sleep-wake homeostasis (process s)
REM : rapid eye movement
NREM - non REM
efficiency : time asleep/time in bed
takes longer to fall asleep (longer sleep latency)
more waking at night - greater wake after sleep onset
risk factors : premature mortality, CVD, cognitive decline, dementia, metabolic dysfunction and obesity, mental disorders, chronic physical conditions
measures of sleep in population based studies
Self-report, including stylised questions, sleep diaries, standardised questionnaires / diagnostic interview
regulatory bodies
FDA, CE AND Department of Health
Management Responsibility
Quality System
Contract Review
Design Control
Document and Data Control
Purchasing
Control of Customer-supplied product
Product Identification and Traceability
Process Control
Inspection and Testing
Control of Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment
Inspection and Test Status
Control of Non-conforming Product
Corrective and Preventive Action
Handling, Storage, Packaging, Preservation and Delivery
Control of Quality Records
Internal Quality Audits
Training
Servicing
Statistical Techniques
neuromodulation