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neonatal disorders in foal - Coggle Diagram
neonatal disorders in foal
SEPSIS
FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
definition: foal is agammaglobulinemic at birth and is dependent on ingestion and absorption of adequate quantities of good-quality colostrum in the immediate post-partum period for the transfer of antibody
etiology
premature lactation
poor quality colostrum
failure to absorb igG from ingest colostrum
A foal greater than 24 hours of age is considered to have FTPI if circulating antibody IgG levels are less than 0.4 g/dl
pathophysiology:
Epitheliochorial structure of equine placenta prevents the transfer of maternally derived antibodies to the foal in utero
Hence ingestion of colostrum is very important for transfer of passive immunity
Antibodies (IgG and to a lesser extent, IgA and IgM) are selectively secreted into the udder in the last few weeks of gestation
clinical signs
Naïve immune system of the foal
Suspected when foal presented with signs of sepsis or infectious disease
Mare has distended udder
diagnosis
measure the serum igG concentration
blood samples taken at 12 -36 hrs to measure serum igG
serial hemogram showing lymphopenia
serial radial immunodiffusion assay SRID
SNAP test
Zinc sulphate turbidity test
management
Administration of high-quality colostrum at the first 4 – 6 hrs for 1 – 2 litres via bottle or stomach tube; or 300-500 ml every 1 – 2 hrs
oral plasma
Transfusion of plasma with high IgG concentration (>15g/dL) for foal that is more than 24 hours old due to closure of the small intestinal transfer mechanism
Slow transfusion of 1 L over 30 minutes to avoid anaphylactic shock
DIARRHEA
NEONATAL MALADJUSTMENT SYNDROME
Definition:
- behavioral disturbance aka dummy foal, at age less than 3 days. multisystemic disease affecting the nervous, cardiovascular, GI and renal systems. hypoxic or neonatal encephalopathy
etiology
maternal factors - conditions that causes hypotension or impaired tissue oxygenation, maternal surgery or caesarean section, dystocia and premature placenta separation
fetal factors - twinning, meconium aspiration, sepsis, prematurity or dysmaturity and anemia
C- section or rapid birth prevent foals experiencing significant physical pressure that trigger the change of progression
pathophysiology
HYPOXIC INJUSRIES
COLIC / GASTRODUDENAL ULCERS
PNEUMONIA
definition: infection in the lungs and airways that causes respiratory disturbance and deficiencies of oxygen in the blood. hypoxia
common in foals, commonly involves LRT infection
etiological agent:
fungal: Aspergillus fumigatus, Histoplasma capsulatum
bacterial: Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus equi
virus: EHV 1, EHV 2, EHV 4
Clinical signs
diagnosis
transtracheal aspirate - cytology culture and molecular diagnostic methods
CBC - neutrophilic leukocytosis
Thoracic diagnostic imaging - different pathogen will show off different results
Management
antibiotics -
to treat the bacterial infection - Penicillin (200000 IU/kg IV) for
S. zooepidermicus
and combination of erythromycin and rifampin (PO) for
R. equi
Provision of a clean, comfortable environment and highly palatable, dust free feed
IV fluid therapy
saline nebulization - facilitates expectorations of pulmonary exudates
NSAIDS - to maintain rectal temperature
prevention
- supply passive immunity for neonates by high quality colostrum, provide suitable environment (well ventilated, cleaned paddock and avoiding overcrowding
NEONATAL ISOERYTHROLYSIS
JOINT ILL
URINARY TRACT DISTRUPTION
