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Schizophrenia, Psychological therapies for Schizophrenia, Biological…
Schizophrenia
Symptoms:
Hallucinations: hearing voices, seeing things that aren't there
Delusions: beliefs that have no basis in reality - victim of conspiracy e.g being controlled through phone by aliens
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Classification:
No single defining characteristic - schizophrenia is a collection of seemingly unrelated symptoms, leading to many misconceptions surrounding it.
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(DIAGNOSIS) EVALUATION, LIMITATIONS
- Cheniaux: Had two psychiatrists diagnose 100 patients with schizophrenia using both the DSM-5 and ICD-10 model.
- Found massively low inter-rater reliability. One psychiatrist diagnosed 26 using DSM and 44 using ICD, the other diagnosed 13 using DSM and 24 using ICD.
- The inconsistency in diagnosis implies that there is very low reliability in the classification of diagnosis.
Co-Morbidity
- this is when two or more conditions occur together, questioning whether they are a single condition.
- Buckeley found that around half of the patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia also suffered severe depression or substance abuse issues.
- This confuses classification, if severe depression looks like schizophrenia, are they the same condition?
Criterion Validity
- do different methods of diagnosis meet the same diagnosis for the same patient?
- Cheniaux study found that many more people were diagnosed with schizophrenia using the ICD - implying that the DSM under-diagnoses or the ICD over-diagnoses.
- This shows poor validity and issues with the classification of schizophrenia
Gender and Cultural Bias
GENDER
- Longenecker reviewed cases of schizophrenia and found men are more likely to be diagnosed than women.
- Cotton found female patients typically function better than men, suggesting that they escape diagnosis as they are able to function better with the same symptoms.
- This is a problem because men and women with the same symptoms may be diagnosed differently.
CULTURE:
- African-Americans and English people with African descent are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, but this is not genetic as this is not seen in Africa and the West Indies.
- Some behaviours Westeners would class as unusual would be normal as part of African culture (hearing voices - ancestor communication)
- This questions validity of diagnosis, different cultures are more likely to be diagnosed
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Interactionist approach
Diathesis-stress model
Diathesis means vulnerability, stress in this context refers to negative psychological experiences.
This model says both a vulnerability and a stress are needed to develop schizophrenia
Meehls model: gene + stress = schizophrenia
Meehl thought that there existed a 'schizogene', and those without this gene would never be able to develop schizophrenia, no matter how much stress they were exposed to.
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